tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-69377169554953155722024-03-05T09:27:09.305+01:00European History around the WorldA History Lesson with Postcards and Stamps, formerly The World's History in Postcardsdustin15http://www.blogger.com/profile/12015554128978899257noreply@blogger.comBlogger187125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6937716955495315572.post-449981017580988892023-12-30T20:51:00.003+01:002023-12-31T15:11:15.864+01:00My Favourite History Stamps of 2022 and 2023 + An Outlook of 2024<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">"Do you know that feeling that whenever you want to devote your time to a specific theme there are already multiple other themes that are at least as interesting?"</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">I had written down this sentence a year ago on 30th December 2022. Back I then I was planning to write a blog post called Looking Back and Looking Forward - 2022 and 2023 like I had done the year before for 2021 and 2022. I had structured the post, included pictures, but never came around to actually write it. Now a year has passed without any activity here on the blog (or on my main blog for that matter) and I was actually intending to write a post for 2023 and 2024. What however should happen to the things I have written down in 2022? I have now decided to at least show you my favourite history stamps of 2022 and include those of 2023 plus some outlook for 2024 below them. Thus there is leastwise a single post for 2023 on this blog. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">So without further ado these were my favourite stamps about historic themes issued in 2022.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><b><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>9. Leaders of the Lithuanian Anti-Soviet Resistance (Lithuania)</b></div></b><div style="text-align: justify;">These two stamps show Romas Kalanta and the Priests of Vilkaviškis. Citing Wikipedia, "Romas Kalanta (22 February 1953 – 14 May 1972) was a 19-year-old Lithuanian high school student who killed himself by self-immolation in an act of protest against the Soviet regime in Lithuania. His death provoked the largest post-war riots in Lithuania and inspired similar self-immolations." The contrast of the coulourful stamp and the fact that the man killed himself by setting himself on fire strikes me as an interesting design choice. </div><div><br /><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiS2gPK2PSatHw2tads9Wig7mqrNzYrJScViBbhqukiS2anm6zzCzilrLlWvT7qoqtibaWFynLr0mZLpuEfFjLmYOAQ1jE-Co5JCy0WKK1TuGp5hW9vbfDpwdhOHs0wLzO-cdDCqkCezFBPS4rFgpXFLqMMg10c7RFcIzK48t1sBosMEqXqbRV9kPcAMA/s840/5%20Romas%20Kalanta.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="580" data-original-width="840" height="276" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiS2gPK2PSatHw2tads9Wig7mqrNzYrJScViBbhqukiS2anm6zzCzilrLlWvT7qoqtibaWFynLr0mZLpuEfFjLmYOAQ1jE-Co5JCy0WKK1TuGp5hW9vbfDpwdhOHs0wLzO-cdDCqkCezFBPS4rFgpXFLqMMg10c7RFcIzK48t1sBosMEqXqbRV9kPcAMA/w400-h276/5%20Romas%20Kalanta.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div><br /></div><b>8. Underwater Archaeology (France)</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;">This stamp is a beautiful remainder of how many magnificient historic items might still be found in the oceans. </div><div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHA9nCqx2ddPF5giUfweh3TS2bQLVhLl9WI8mtUe95mRuv8eKP5jgGQc2ECjugxoXIkhY83oM8J49XfHZmv2QdcxVjtRlOY2VS803nr7ufvwTGY57LivHA05O4AIZVeJNiQPgX5hNPCYYZPFnK9Wyh4YO1gS_-Okca4j0KTsN3FLWZZfXwsUKDYomBmQ/s770/6%20Unterwasser-%20Arch%C3%A4ologie.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="770" data-original-width="604" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHA9nCqx2ddPF5giUfweh3TS2bQLVhLl9WI8mtUe95mRuv8eKP5jgGQc2ECjugxoXIkhY83oM8J49XfHZmv2QdcxVjtRlOY2VS803nr7ufvwTGY57LivHA05O4AIZVeJNiQPgX5hNPCYYZPFnK9Wyh4YO1gS_-Okca4j0KTsN3FLWZZfXwsUKDYomBmQ/w314-h400/6%20Unterwasser-%20Arch%C3%A4ologie.jpg" width="314" /></a></div><div><br /></div><b>7. 150th birthday of Alexander Roda Roda (Austria)</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Alexander Roda Roda was an Austrian writer and satirist born in 1872. Since 1911 he was writing articles for the Neue Freie Presse, one of Austria's most respected newspapers, and especially during World War I produced over 700 articles as war correspondent for the paper. He also contributed to the German satirical magazine Simplicissimus and in the 1920s his humorous and satirical book publications were largely successful. He lived in Germany when the Nazis seized power in 1933, which forced him to move to Graz, which again he left after the Anschluss in 1938 for Switzerland and later the USA. Alexander Roda Roda died in New York in 1945. I included this sheet, because last year I had read the book Februar 33 by Uwe Wittstock, which chronicles the lives of different literary figures during the first month of Adolf Hitler's rule in 1933.</div><div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXpnVBh-FOPz2IcQ8uK0G-f3bxdhQEefqdJGV0GCFzkl2qE9G3uVbPfr3jGKOynJGGeexWu9cUaCpRbcZiviZtNZM--mX9nYmYH5XMtHLLZ_DpuNrdKpKUCoSStXAX9wOD-pUYKWsqwS8JtA5s6ftXdUOP5ATvnZiTW8LIo9-wOrHRinHIk2ld8HMzkQ/s1127/7%20Alexander%20Roda%20Roda.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="929" data-original-width="1127" height="330" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXpnVBh-FOPz2IcQ8uK0G-f3bxdhQEefqdJGV0GCFzkl2qE9G3uVbPfr3jGKOynJGGeexWu9cUaCpRbcZiviZtNZM--mX9nYmYH5XMtHLLZ_DpuNrdKpKUCoSStXAX9wOD-pUYKWsqwS8JtA5s6ftXdUOP5ATvnZiTW8LIo9-wOrHRinHIk2ld8HMzkQ/w400-h330/7%20Alexander%20Roda%20Roda.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div><br /></div><b>6. 20 years Introduction of the Euro (Portugal)</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;">In 2002 the Euro was introduced as common currency in different European countries. Unfortunately the 20th anniversary was not really commemorated on stamps making these stunning stamps from Portugal even more special. The coins on the stamps are embossed and metallic.</div><div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaQ5iy4RT7-Utzo48zTGbp4iyWDI-_rz10dIJ0z_XKQ8EzepO4McIh347DMkQLegkmetjbpFOtQeWvafTGiy1SGrsaSevF7RvCCgQme1jtgsBw9rGaaiVaj50pVBaW6fP7-3y9RIQ8H_dWhbuLg4C_AQxNCI3xzRDXmTiy30xESxOkk6n40m0HRIiA5w/s1029/8%20Euro%20in%20Portugal.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="505" data-original-width="1029" height="196" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaQ5iy4RT7-Utzo48zTGbp4iyWDI-_rz10dIJ0z_XKQ8EzepO4McIh347DMkQLegkmetjbpFOtQeWvafTGiy1SGrsaSevF7RvCCgQme1jtgsBw9rGaaiVaj50pVBaW6fP7-3y9RIQ8H_dWhbuLg4C_AQxNCI3xzRDXmTiy30xESxOkk6n40m0HRIiA5w/w400-h196/8%20Euro%20in%20Portugal.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div><br /></div><b>5. Centenary of the Territoire de Belfort (France)</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;">During the Franco-Prussian War of 1870/71 the city of Belfort offered fierce resistance to the German troops. To honour their resistance the city was not annexed by the newly formed German Empire like the rest of Alsace, but remained with France. The monumental Lion of Belfort was created in 1880 by Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi, the sculptor of the Statue of Liberty. Anything connected to the Franco-Prussian War deserves to be included on this list in honour of my master thesis.</div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguCbqNr69XVsGAHcXik1aVsA-NaIWZqs9qOuaVUrQx96N-4tiSbOxOrAW0vZB1Qum83HDDdAxefemnYH8LEy8gr0thJCtehHvhRuqRUquQsfOb1Tdo0z-AAmfs2uzWoWx_qM29BEb56HZr2rE7IvD1Pyb7lGIQFfL-NJgAecw0Rz2lDOUTztsLHI2WMg/s648/9%20Belfort.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="507" data-original-width="648" height="313" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguCbqNr69XVsGAHcXik1aVsA-NaIWZqs9qOuaVUrQx96N-4tiSbOxOrAW0vZB1Qum83HDDdAxefemnYH8LEy8gr0thJCtehHvhRuqRUquQsfOb1Tdo0z-AAmfs2uzWoWx_qM29BEb56HZr2rE7IvD1Pyb7lGIQFfL-NJgAecw0Rz2lDOUTztsLHI2WMg/w400-h313/9%20Belfort.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div><br /></div><b>4. 900th birthday of Emperor Barbarossa (Austria)</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The stamp commemorates a jubilee which I would have liked to see on a German stamp as well. Shown here is the famous Cappenberg Head, a reliquary of John the Evangelist. For a long time it was believed that this sculpture shows the Emperor, as it was a present to his godfather, researches however have shown that this is not true. I have seen it twice in Magdeburg 2021 and Münster 2023. </div><div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNs_VNy58-P7dd5jQ0j0T-9KA63Gx2Yrunho_01XXSeYAwcMbaLPo6VIxK3Xa0Kp87yORq0xBCme9MpkKzPyZOdjui0ZLgLBq4lynpH1ybRoDX6AxntJ5Nn1FtWjK8O0CZh2dJz8oMw6gbnNB4_ycxDyOQXGUIaBOvZ0xNXnbmPOu0MZnGOlO6JSR9Ag/s711/10%20Barbarossa.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="580" data-original-width="711" height="326" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNs_VNy58-P7dd5jQ0j0T-9KA63Gx2Yrunho_01XXSeYAwcMbaLPo6VIxK3Xa0Kp87yORq0xBCme9MpkKzPyZOdjui0ZLgLBq4lynpH1ybRoDX6AxntJ5Nn1FtWjK8O0CZh2dJz8oMw6gbnNB4_ycxDyOQXGUIaBOvZ0xNXnbmPOu0MZnGOlO6JSR9Ag/w400-h326/10%20Barbarossa.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div><br /></div><b>3. 150th Birthday of Otto Braun (Germany)</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Otto Braun was a Social Democratic politician and Minister President of Prussia during the time of the Weimar Republic. He reorganised Prussia along democratic lines, thus turning it into the "Rampart of Democracy" in Weimar's turbulent years. In 1932 however he was ousted from power in the Prussian coup d'état (Preußenschlag) by Reich Chancellor Franz von Papen. I really like the design of this stamp resembling an old election poster and I am always happy to see stamps about the Weimar Republic.</div><div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgt0a7U7ewooiG9glVLRPTat9cW0ZBvNgzFLmd7IBV8GUOESX8z4FQsScouM0tF9Y1Zr0YXBPkrPrf-rUCZDjPDGi9xa-zAGDqVwwpkqLYoSz1HhQoObtvMVSWDoC9KrThjy24zW00qd0bkcFgabMVqGz_uWezmSaAZyPv-BUaXCE7IrRjf-OWDAG_WEQ/s786/11%20Otto%20Braun.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="377" data-original-width="786" height="191" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgt0a7U7ewooiG9glVLRPTat9cW0ZBvNgzFLmd7IBV8GUOESX8z4FQsScouM0tF9Y1Zr0YXBPkrPrf-rUCZDjPDGi9xa-zAGDqVwwpkqLYoSz1HhQoObtvMVSWDoC9KrThjy24zW00qd0bkcFgabMVqGz_uWezmSaAZyPv-BUaXCE7IrRjf-OWDAG_WEQ/w400-h191/11%20Otto%20Braun.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div><br /></div><b>2. Centenary of the Discovery of the Tomb of Tutankhamun (France)</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;">I really like to see Egyptian antiquities. Actually I wanted to use the jubilee of Tutankhamun to dive deeper into Egyptian history, but other things prevented me from doing so. For some reason I am delaying it as much as the opening of the Grand Egyptian Museum. This French stamp is printed with gold foil. </div><div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgy2OSXqYczFEEKnrl4E2NNnTxrntLqfp9DidUn3338Ked5ENy16igU8J01e69Xr7FJkmqC-a4hBwLQp_mBQKO89mGCXqQ3RxhfhEZRyTPmDg5tS946K1r4dFbeNrBaPkdpPcrm5pHTbLlFpy_9y4Uv_4szv76Mrfr7K9Mt4lYNdUj12h7ccfFpBuGZOg/s982/12%20Tutanchamun.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="982" data-original-width="530" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgy2OSXqYczFEEKnrl4E2NNnTxrntLqfp9DidUn3338Ked5ENy16igU8J01e69Xr7FJkmqC-a4hBwLQp_mBQKO89mGCXqQ3RxhfhEZRyTPmDg5tS946K1r4dFbeNrBaPkdpPcrm5pHTbLlFpy_9y4Uv_4szv76Mrfr7K9Mt4lYNdUj12h7ccfFpBuGZOg/w216-h400/12%20Tutanchamun.jpg" width="216" /></a></div></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div></div><div><b>1. 450th anniversary of the Herzog August Library in Wolfenbüttel (Germany)</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The Herzog August Library was founded by Duke Julius of Brunswick-Lüneburg in 1572. It houses a large collection of manuscripts of the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Period and is one of the oldest libraries in the World which have never suffered loss to its collection. Its most famous librarians were Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and Gotthold Ephraim Lessing. Today it is a major international research centre for Medieval and Early Modern culture. Some of its rooms are used as museum. Among the most important and famous manuscripts of the library are the Gospels of Henry the Lion, a copy of the Sachsenspiegel, a printed edition of the Latin Psalter with annotations by Martin Luther, Luther's German translation of the New Testament and parts of the Bibliotheca Corviniana Collection. The latter three are even part of the Memory of the World Programme of the UNESCO. How could I not put this wonderful stamp about a regional anniversary on the first spot for 2022?</div><div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxcMKtDSLuV4TFkq28zZUu_aKJxqeJWV8QASogQ-URhd_xQZCcSnisLro-cnfslfsB4V1L3jhZmc_qeVbA4-8hxAjKqktvdCkkHbzoEOkoLP_Q3zqXLG_yeQJdjom2yXzMVpYRRLn2oy6gAV-O0FXkwVi5LrvQCpYy7PWasB7SDWZzXX3QUrvjV4CiAQ/s1027/14%20Herzog%20August%20Bibliothek.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="711" data-original-width="1027" height="278" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxcMKtDSLuV4TFkq28zZUu_aKJxqeJWV8QASogQ-URhd_xQZCcSnisLro-cnfslfsB4V1L3jhZmc_qeVbA4-8hxAjKqktvdCkkHbzoEOkoLP_Q3zqXLG_yeQJdjom2yXzMVpYRRLn2oy6gAV-O0FXkwVi5LrvQCpYy7PWasB7SDWZzXX3QUrvjV4CiAQ/w400-h278/14%20Herzog%20August%20Bibliothek.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Due to external circumstances my collection had to lie still for a big part of the year. Nonetheless I still get some amazing stamps, so after the nine issues of 2022 let's get right to the ten issues of 2023. </div></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><b>10. Centenary of Bambi (Austria)</b> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">Bambi is probably best (only?) known due to the 1942 Disney movie. However the young deer first appeared in a book by Felix Salten in 1922, which was used as the basis of the movie. On a sad note, the government of Nazi Germany banned the book in 1936 as "political allegory on the treatment of Jews in Europe." Many copies of the novel were burned.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrQ0fXwPvUDX0fvHDWAf3f5SQr9_NeQYYPZgbUbYcyfd7lMWa2XOFcP4V2drZjk0F3AtvkxeqWHb-zRRlgTJCjs4vFGFfzHXCi6YErN3fgvf5s2e55n2hWxbvLASpUPrVSH90mWbTRG8KqYFaeHr5xpFMc9XrhktGiKIJdwgcw0GHpdUxYKYdQxFQopnn1/s884/1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="729" data-original-width="884" height="330" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrQ0fXwPvUDX0fvHDWAf3f5SQr9_NeQYYPZgbUbYcyfd7lMWa2XOFcP4V2drZjk0F3AtvkxeqWHb-zRRlgTJCjs4vFGFfzHXCi6YErN3fgvf5s2e55n2hWxbvLASpUPrVSH90mWbTRG8KqYFaeHr5xpFMc9XrhktGiKIJdwgcw0GHpdUxYKYdQxFQopnn1/w400-h330/1.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>9. Max Oppenheimer (Austria)</b></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Max Oppenheimer was an Austrian artist, however this stamp is not on the list due to him. Way more I included it due to the depicted woman in the artwork: Tilla Durieux was an Austrian actress. She played a minor role in Fritz Lang's 1929 science fiction silent film Woman in the Moon, which played a role in my state examination this year.</div><div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3ijAsTyF2Nlw3ygp1oN2YNONj8fJQ12F9hLzMV77zKh2Hot-KJL19Id5XjVH2Wadpvd_t1c9VcImMx-SC1ieVjVcymGa330VqNPGPr7Qjtq-zSV7rGKmiwMMwadkxYU_t9GX_041RLvuBly9BCqxvAGSM4AQSBIWIWoG-hfnmXzgGsGzLpna8CwED3CNI/s789/2.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="658" data-original-width="789" height="334" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3ijAsTyF2Nlw3ygp1oN2YNONj8fJQ12F9hLzMV77zKh2Hot-KJL19Id5XjVH2Wadpvd_t1c9VcImMx-SC1ieVjVcymGa330VqNPGPr7Qjtq-zSV7rGKmiwMMwadkxYU_t9GX_041RLvuBly9BCqxvAGSM4AQSBIWIWoG-hfnmXzgGsGzLpna8CwED3CNI/w400-h334/2.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div><br /></div><b>8. Alphonse Mucha (France)</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;">After the hard years of Covid-19 the museums are finally back on track. This year I hence visited some wonderful special exhibitions including Dürer in Berlin, Machine Room of the Gods and Renaissance in the North in Frankfurt am Main, Benin Bronzes in Hamburg, Otto the Great in Magdeburg, Venetian art in Munich, Barbarossa in Münster and Fischer von Erlach in Salzburg. One of favourites was Goddesses of Art Nouveau in Braunschweig. Of course also Mucha was thematised in the exhibition. </div><div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_k5yqliNa9A9UkSb1ttiDtPvy-v3klm7R77i6rlHjdydUA2Oe7jPISdI-7v4kkljsZ5GcPAbKzs2xU0HSBAI3YGaW74lSvTFMtCAgf2_ocKx93fpzAVlDKbycu2aQPCRk_RYAL_8rQ3Lqk9g_YdD9v-y1vU9YYVmpacD6ONAtskOJ52e_n3cD49xriRh0/s643/3.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="643" data-original-width="636" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_k5yqliNa9A9UkSb1ttiDtPvy-v3klm7R77i6rlHjdydUA2Oe7jPISdI-7v4kkljsZ5GcPAbKzs2xU0HSBAI3YGaW74lSvTFMtCAgf2_ocKx93fpzAVlDKbycu2aQPCRk_RYAL_8rQ3Lqk9g_YdD9v-y1vU9YYVmpacD6ONAtskOJ52e_n3cD49xriRh0/w396-h400/3.jpg" width="396" /></a></div><div><br /></div><b>7. Stralsund Letter (Germany)</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;">One of the big jubilees of 2023 was the 175th anniversary of the Revolution of 1848. Once again however there was no stamp to honour an important event in Germany's history. As some type of mockery or probably more due to historic ignorance this stamp about the Stralsund Letter was issued in the series Treasures of Philately. The stamps used on this historic piece show Frederick William IV of Prussia, the king who crushed the revolution. I just had to get this stamp together with a special postmark about the revolution. </div><div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOyPFS6b2vmRgdX4EubJy6C6PyKhdIEq8kMa6YhWxocoDHDjvNvuLMxNs9mlija3dY52IqMPv7fQtMfL1xRvyj4hzAlKDjsHTqiXUB3qW4rKFTVDX0Uyj2q7tZvprm8fyHxz1hVf8_xc3Bw0uDrnA_Cy4DgW_YuD_otdBajRL5o-gaWCe1mu_1Jzf6qIt2/s1197/4.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="692" data-original-width="1197" height="231" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOyPFS6b2vmRgdX4EubJy6C6PyKhdIEq8kMa6YhWxocoDHDjvNvuLMxNs9mlija3dY52IqMPv7fQtMfL1xRvyj4hzAlKDjsHTqiXUB3qW4rKFTVDX0Uyj2q7tZvprm8fyHxz1hVf8_xc3Bw0uDrnA_Cy4DgW_YuD_otdBajRL5o-gaWCe1mu_1Jzf6qIt2/w400-h231/4.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>6. Wreck of a Hanseatic Ship (Estonia)</b></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Following my post about the <a href="https://theworldshistoryinpostcards.blogspot.com/2020/05/the-hanseatic-league-narratives-and.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #fcff01;">Hanseatic League</span></a> I am always happy to have a new stamp. This one I bought during the IBRA in Essen. </div><div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgK4ABMwyP-kDrXnNktKJULpNJpRWQ0nemKLnO_fayNFUtZ5jn_qW3SrmsTXrUg8FsudUK75SWvpt5hct3IbJ0-gCciNlyJPRe82N8xYOwtysD5T5R8OLwugN_9MhxxkJNzQyD4WmBJBmTfTRDv4pacDFTpoG4Kf1KzS7FstyAc9Xx5bVedqgGdb7eoAul1/s411/5.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="343" data-original-width="411" height="334" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgK4ABMwyP-kDrXnNktKJULpNJpRWQ0nemKLnO_fayNFUtZ5jn_qW3SrmsTXrUg8FsudUK75SWvpt5hct3IbJ0-gCciNlyJPRe82N8xYOwtysD5T5R8OLwugN_9MhxxkJNzQyD4WmBJBmTfTRDv4pacDFTpoG4Kf1KzS7FstyAc9Xx5bVedqgGdb7eoAul1/w400-h334/5.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>5. 400 years First Calculating Machine (Germany)</b></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Wilhelm Schickard, a friend of Johannes Kepler, created the first Calculating Machine in 1623. The original one is long lost, but it was possible to reconstruct it due to an image in a letter sent by Schickard to Kepler. As a mathematician and historian this stamp was supposed to be higher on my list, but went down due to its ugly design. </div><div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTjyhe-tT4pkj9Nl5lzL-1B-k7AIk7Yv3KYlI68xBpFURQILQgctT1GusHnvrdYaLWbDGjFCfMaqlqLEo2QUM4uzLdoOjNIAQJFkITUmF_71xBgosn_KL4OVweIKfqLJJLTeGwi_JCeDIvg5QICPP3z_10zQxxHhaXMrVBjrSo-kkCGDDbtzUCP6nB_LP3/s707/6.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="707" data-original-width="704" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTjyhe-tT4pkj9Nl5lzL-1B-k7AIk7Yv3KYlI68xBpFURQILQgctT1GusHnvrdYaLWbDGjFCfMaqlqLEo2QUM4uzLdoOjNIAQJFkITUmF_71xBgosn_KL4OVweIKfqLJJLTeGwi_JCeDIvg5QICPP3z_10zQxxHhaXMrVBjrSo-kkCGDDbtzUCP6nB_LP3/w399-h400/6.jpg" width="399" /></a></div><div><br /></div><b>4. 100th Death Anniversary of Gustave Eiffel (France)</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;">For the creator of its most famous landmark France issued this beautiful souvenir sheet. Not sure why, but I just like it.</div><div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgG09sbj7ZGiOMaffK7IvcRlL1hQiqpIYjr92qBUxeoZU7jhXl06YSOd9bh20Z4yfIiNkqzScBBB-TPqjrYvNv8_KZPURsF6lH_RpBJBiA20LVYNytRGI2XEyQh6tVYoKSJiiNOx47C1603pEKuqr2Pz0zNJhqlhw2yZMgWHlUU3xTb3Vd6BZsYn-5tuucp/s1561/7.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1033" data-original-width="1561" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgG09sbj7ZGiOMaffK7IvcRlL1hQiqpIYjr92qBUxeoZU7jhXl06YSOd9bh20Z4yfIiNkqzScBBB-TPqjrYvNv8_KZPURsF6lH_RpBJBiA20LVYNytRGI2XEyQh6tVYoKSJiiNOx47C1603pEKuqr2Pz0zNJhqlhw2yZMgWHlUU3xTb3Vd6BZsYn-5tuucp/w400-h265/7.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div><br /></div><b>3. 150th anniversary of the 1873 Vienna World's Fair (Austria)</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The World's Fair in Vienna was just the fifth event of its kind and the first in the German-speaking World. It was held to commemorate the 25th throne jubilee of Emperor Franz Joseph and was a way to show the new confidence of the Austro-Hungarian Empire after the lost war against Prussia in 1866. It must have been a magnificient event to visit. </div><div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYAjs9ZFfK5bM0NxNfVDtgst2IzLge9r7Y-t-9JgnCJ4FEWIot4IWy-3CaMLE0Wm0JLCNjJMNy5bVosSS-3RLo15PfioJ9FhDqgGQ83KSj74yISKioZzDd8PpWH3EmKGnIQsBIx2MD4Lx0t0BZ8jLoGxc9-5C0Gh2E8Ie8ZnzrSWyuFYLJTrfX6Bs5ERjg/s895/8.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="677" data-original-width="895" height="303" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYAjs9ZFfK5bM0NxNfVDtgst2IzLge9r7Y-t-9JgnCJ4FEWIot4IWy-3CaMLE0Wm0JLCNjJMNy5bVosSS-3RLo15PfioJ9FhDqgGQ83KSj74yISKioZzDd8PpWH3EmKGnIQsBIx2MD4Lx0t0BZ8jLoGxc9-5C0Gh2E8Ie8ZnzrSWyuFYLJTrfX6Bs5ERjg/w400-h303/8.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div><br /></div><b>2. Orient Express (France)</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The Orient Express is a symbol of the elegant travelling by train and one of the great train journeys in the World. This souvenir sheet perfectly captures the spirit of the time. Regarding design aspects this might be in my opinion the most beautiful stamp issue of the year. </div><div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVM4hv6DvIgEWpuUB-eyU-_VKrddTj_QZdHkKYXu55KFh0o6oxN15xkxsk4BRIrQrIwH1QjUyw66Tbi51SDBYUgwVKTfFZhijly8d0Kp0i03FMzkqGssdjPLxdvcnAnW-fP1ra4E22G3ZeZGM3E6W8ourzV7ztZE6IoUibDIwt-LwUizhREWay8DARYiNd/s1555/9.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1031" data-original-width="1555" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVM4hv6DvIgEWpuUB-eyU-_VKrddTj_QZdHkKYXu55KFh0o6oxN15xkxsk4BRIrQrIwH1QjUyw66Tbi51SDBYUgwVKTfFZhijly8d0Kp0i03FMzkqGssdjPLxdvcnAnW-fP1ra4E22G3ZeZGM3E6W8ourzV7ztZE6IoUibDIwt-LwUizhREWay8DARYiNd/w400-h265/9.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div><br /></div><b>1. 550th Birthday of Nicolaus Copernicus (Poland and Vatican)</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Copernicus was one of the most influential persons in European history. Although he might not be the first to formulate such a model, he is connected with the heliocentric worldview, which places the sun in the centre of the universe rather than the Earth. The publication of the model in his book De revolutionibus orbium coelestium, just before his death in 1543, was a major event in the history of science, triggering the Copernican Revolution and making a pioneering contribution to the Scientific Revolution. A few countries issued stamps for his jubilee, but my favourite is this joint souvenir sheet from Poland and the Vatican. </div><div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOZoDZof03BqxH3gCk8_zEF4WMu-HM11M00g0kwNnSqe_E9I0pQutAQlpoIGdTu-PTvxdL531L-PB37m74I7uU9lqmRMwxFmAlQVhWWUG1oGz8zjYM9k7JDOuAYB0eSsPgWC7NlR1qQzbelc1VJphIGCb0vdIyIl6_SfZIT1PURAjpzJ_TLroEGEWD2maQ/s1196/10%201.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="898" data-original-width="1196" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOZoDZof03BqxH3gCk8_zEF4WMu-HM11M00g0kwNnSqe_E9I0pQutAQlpoIGdTu-PTvxdL531L-PB37m74I7uU9lqmRMwxFmAlQVhWWUG1oGz8zjYM9k7JDOuAYB0eSsPgWC7NlR1qQzbelc1VJphIGCb0vdIyIl6_SfZIT1PURAjpzJ_TLroEGEWD2maQ/w200-h150/10%201.jpg" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAe9S5dhnAqYYy9THDM-AO3ZxLq6s_auim3yGmrz7CqxPSaC-U9t00FIgxbI273eDYgS1jQ8K8Skq5PHY9njQajxeIMtNEKdbNNvdzPypKuHBnhXVD5d91h6fjKr6hw_7R_qebxtuXuZuAWZyMMdzMhAuDlLdB0flA4tWRvqJ-fkCr_4QV5O0X1RuxuVle/s1203/10%202.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="905" data-original-width="1203" height="151" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAe9S5dhnAqYYy9THDM-AO3ZxLq6s_auim3yGmrz7CqxPSaC-U9t00FIgxbI273eDYgS1jQ8K8Skq5PHY9njQajxeIMtNEKdbNNvdzPypKuHBnhXVD5d91h6fjKr6hw_7R_qebxtuXuZuAWZyMMdzMhAuDlLdB0flA4tWRvqJ-fkCr_4QV5O0X1RuxuVle/w200-h151/10%202.jpg" width="200" /></a></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">So these have been my favourite history stamps of 2022 and 2023, which I have chosen not only due to artistic reasons, but mainly by looking at the themes which left an imprint on me during these years, two years which have been extremely exhausting. Luckily I hope that 2024 will be much calmer, so it is suitably to look forward to what comes next. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">One of the backbones of this blog have been the Big Jubilees, but for the fourth year in a row there seems to be no deserving theme. Looking at stamp programmes the 150th anniversary of the Universal Postal Union will be celebrated by many countries. I am however hesitatant to consider it as the Big Jubilee. The themes I have chosen for myself for a deeper involvement are the 100th death anniversaries of Franz Kafka and Lenin, the 125th birthday of Erich Kästner and the 300th birthday of Immanuel Kant. Other interesting jubilees include the 150th anniversary of Impressionism, the 150th birthday of Winston Churchill, the 250th anniversary of the First Continental Congress and Benjamin Jesty's experiments of smallpox inoculations, the 250th birthday of Caspar David Friedrich, the 500th anniversary of the German Peasants' War and the 700th death anniversary of Marco Polo. Will I write blog posts about any of these themes? I hope so, but I doubt it. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">Wishing You all a Happy New Year that will hopefully be filled with learning and collecting!</div><div><p></p></div></div>dustin15http://www.blogger.com/profile/12015554128978899257noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6937716955495315572.post-5060158411230268332022-10-23T20:06:00.002+02:002022-10-23T20:06:57.763+02:00The European Heritage Label Sites of 2022, err 2021<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">I am already very late to the party, but the new European Heritage Label Sites had been announced in late April 2022, whichs of course means these are the sites inscribed in 2021. You get it? The following sites got the label:</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><ul><li style="text-align: justify;">Vučedol Culture Museum and Archaeological Site (Croatia)</li><li style="text-align: justify;">Archaeological Site of Nemea (Greece)</li><li style="text-align: justify;">Thracian Art in Eastern Rhodopes: Aleksandrovo Tomb (Bulgaria)</li><li style="text-align: justify;">Almadén Mining Park (Spain)</li><li style="text-align: justify;">Echternach Saint Willibrord Heritage (Luxembourg)</li><li style="text-align: justify;">Historic Centre of Turaida (Latvia)</li><li style="text-align: justify;">Medieval wall painting in Gemer and Malohont Regions (Slovakia)</li><li style="text-align: justify;">The Oderbruch (Germany)</li><li style="text-align: justify;">Palace of the European Commission of the Danube (Romania)</li><li style="text-align: justify;">Seminaarinmäki Campus - Equality in Education (Finland)</li><li style="text-align: justify;">Ventotene (Italy)</li><li style="text-align: justify;">MigratieMuseumMigration (MMM) (Belgium)</li></ul><div style="text-align: justify;">That means that the following pre-selected sites did not get the label:</div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li style="text-align: justify;">Grand Commandery Alden Biesen, Belgium</li><li style="text-align: justify;">Fulda and Petersberg – Centers of the Carolingian Education Reform, Germany</li><li style="text-align: justify;">The Wellspring of Multilingualism - Baška Tablet (Bašćanska ploča) and the Complex of the Church of St Lucy, Croatia</li><li style="text-align: justify;">Mariapocs National Shrine, Hungary</li><li style="text-align: justify;">Land of Water, Land in Water. The Po River Delta and Venice, Italy</li><li style="text-align: justify;">The Address of the Polish Bishops to the German Bishops, November 18, 1965, Poland</li><li style="text-align: justify;">Lech Hill with Gniezno Cathedral, Poland</li><li style="text-align: justify;">Lines of Torres Vedras, Portugal</li><li style="text-align: justify;">ASTRA Museum of Traditional Folk Civilization, Romania</li></ul><div style="text-align: justify;">Comparing the final list with those pre-selected sites earlier released and discussed (see <a href="https://theworldshistoryinpostcards.blogspot.com/2021/04/pre-selected-sites-for-european.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #fcff01;">here</span></a>) some names had been changed. For Bulgaria and Slovakia those are the first inscribed sites. The only countries without inscribed sites are now Cyprus, Denmark, Ireland, Malta and Sweden, but if I remember right none of them has ever nominated a site. Like I have said before, some of these new sites are definitely worthy of the site while other seem to be strange selections. That is primarily due to the criteria of the selection which looks more closely at the narrative than the site per se. The Medieval wall painting in Gemer and Malohont Regions and the Oderbruch are for sure interesting sites, but I think that their stated European significance could be illustrated by many other sites as well. On another note many of these sites will be very difficult to collect on cards or stamps. So far I only have cards of Echternach and the Oderbruch plus a stamp about Ventotene. <b>Any help is very welcome.</b> Using the label Eurorpean Heritage Label on the right side you can always see my collection. There you will also find short information about all sites. Let's see which sites will be pre-selected in the next round. Those can be expected in late 2023. </div></div></div><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_sgoWtMHLT-C98_wf9BtZBo4D_a2YzKilUdZO8WG0PQpsk_AZ9Nph8wEXzL94C1FyWDbONn9h5TlfEZaTDmpCYQyrdTnlve7G7Mb3UjvpjUmB8qqlAaWKNdGNq034pusLzGhUd1h97zQgMDFpBppp97xqoirwywC1kwU4sTsYQJbXhGEYmPFsny7evQ/s1728/34DO_24.03_0002.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1233" data-original-width="1728" height="285" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_sgoWtMHLT-C98_wf9BtZBo4D_a2YzKilUdZO8WG0PQpsk_AZ9Nph8wEXzL94C1FyWDbONn9h5TlfEZaTDmpCYQyrdTnlve7G7Mb3UjvpjUmB8qqlAaWKNdGNq034pusLzGhUd1h97zQgMDFpBppp97xqoirwywC1kwU4sTsYQJbXhGEYmPFsny7evQ/w400-h285/34DO_24.03_0002.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Grand Commandery Alden Biesen - not inscribed</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQrnvYlLwdkR-4aPa5k_dC5FFPIDXHHhgaPzmIUCvoxJ18wIOgvfejvgIwshVU3toStX_wCA4uIgmC4WUlAqUvPGmyxGNJ0vTLq7KypBAaDS7PeMaYi_6heK7nRVbRdzJC0Y_gdGpWgn60orboKi89gzy8smBli18PqGOlSoHihYxOXZSJD57VewU4Ng/s1735/162SA_02.10._0011%20BRUCH.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1239" data-original-width="1735" height="286" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQrnvYlLwdkR-4aPa5k_dC5FFPIDXHHhgaPzmIUCvoxJ18wIOgvfejvgIwshVU3toStX_wCA4uIgmC4WUlAqUvPGmyxGNJ0vTLq7KypBAaDS7PeMaYi_6heK7nRVbRdzJC0Y_gdGpWgn60orboKi89gzy8smBli18PqGOlSoHihYxOXZSJD57VewU4Ng/w400-h286/162SA_02.10._0011%20BRUCH.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Echternach Saint Willibrord Heritage - inscribed!</td></tr></tbody></table><p></p>dustin15http://www.blogger.com/profile/12015554128978899257noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6937716955495315572.post-33523458392303048142022-01-13T13:00:00.002+01:002022-02-06T18:11:46.386+01:00Looking Back and Looking Forward - 2021 and 2022<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">2021 has come and gone and I doubt that I will miss it. It was a stressful year and a strange for my personal study of history. In fact I have devoted even more time to history than usual, as a very big part of the year was filled with writing my master thesis. That however means on the other hand that I had very little time for leisure with my stamps, postcards and blogs. My main blog suffered, but this blog suffered even more. Only four posts I have published here, one each in January, March, April and December. I had actually planned many more including two or three bigger posts. Maybe I will write them this year, but I do not think so, as it will be another stressful year and I have already new plans. Apart from these personal reasons for a different year of devoting time to history also the pandemic still plays a role in changing plans especially with regard to museums, which for me are an important part of engaging with history in a leisurely way. Due to Covid-19 museums here in the region were closed on 1st November 2020 and apart from one week in March were just allowed to reopen in late May. Nonetheless I still managed to do roughly 20 museum visits in 2021. The highlights were the Nebra Sky Disc exhibition in Halle an der Saale, the new permanent exhibition at the Bavarian Army Museum in Ingolstadt, "Kinosaurier" in Hanover, the Premonstratensians in Magdeburg, Plagues in Hildesheim and exhibitions about Rudolf Manga Bell and the Silk Road in Hamburg. In my Outlook of 2021 I had written about nine exhibitions that I had hopes to visit during the year. Two of them were postponed and six of them I actually visited. Only the Late Gothic exhibition in Berlin I have not seen. When I wrote that the opening of the Humboldt Forum was not on my radar. I have not visited it yet, but hope to do so this year. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">In my outlook I had already mentioned that there seems to be no big jubilee in 2021 and I was right. I had added some jubiless to my original list and these here the stamp issue numbers I have for them:</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><ul style="text-align: left;"><li style="text-align: justify;"><u>zero issues:</u> 150 years Proclamation of the German Empire, 500 years Diet of Worms, 650th birthday of Zheng He, 750 years Beginning of Marco Polo's Journey</li><li style="text-align: justify;"><u>one issue:</u> <b>100th birthday of Friedrich Dürrenmatt</b> (Switzerland), <b>100th birthday of Sophie Scholl</b> (Germany), <b>150th birthday of Friedrich Ebert</b> (Germany), <b>450th birthday of Johannes Kepler</b> (KEP), <b>500 years Fuggerei in Augsburg</b> (Germany), <b>1600 years Venice</b> (Italy), <b>1700 years Jewish Life in Germany</b> (Germany), <b>1900th birthday of Marcus Aurelius</b> (Slovakia)</li><li style="text-align: justify;"><u>two issues:</u> <b>100th birthday of Joseph Beuys</b> (Germany, Serbia), <b>100th birthday of Stanislaw Lem</b> (Poland, Serbia), <b>150th birthday of Marcel Proust</b> (Monaco, Portugal), <b>200th birthday of Charles Baudelaire</b> (France, Serbia), <b>200th birthday of Gustave Flaubert</b> (France, Monaco), <b>200 years Beginning of the Greek Revolution</b> (Cyprus, Greece), <b>300 years End of the Great Northern War</b> (Åland Islands, Russia)</li><li style="text-align: justify;"><u>three issues:</u> <b>450 years Battle of Lepanto</b> (Italy, Montenegro, Spain)</li><li style="text-align: justify;"><u>four issues:</u> <b>450th birthday of Caravaggio</b> (Bulgaria, North Macedonia, San Marino, Vatican), <b>550th birthday of Albrecht Dürer</b> (Bulgaria, Hungary, KEP, San Marino)</li><li style="text-align: justify;"><u>five issues:</u> <b>100 years Communist Party of China</b> (Armenia, China, Hong Kong, Macau, Serbia), <b>100 years Discovery of Insulin</b> (Brazil, Canada, North Macedonia, Pakistan, Switzerland), <b>200th death anniversary of Napoleon</b> (Andorra - French Post, France, Italy, Malta, Saint Helena <span style="color: #ffa400;">+ Cuba (EDIT: 6th February 2022)</span>), <b>400th birthday of Jean de La Fontaine</b> (Bulgaria, France, Hungary, Monaco, Portugal)</li><li style="text-align: justify;"><u>six issues:</u> <b>700th death anniversary of Dante Alighieri</b> (Czechia, Georgia, Italy, Liechtenstein, Uruguay, Vatican)</li><li style="text-align: justify;"><u>seven issues:</u> <b>200th birthday of Fyodor Dostoevsky</b> (Bosnia and Herzegovina - Republic Srpska, Bulgaria, KEP, Monaco, North Macedonia, Russia, Serbia)</li></ul><div style="text-align: justify;">And just for comparison these are the number for recent BIG jubilees:</div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li style="text-align: justify;">16 issues: 100 years End of World War I (2018)</li><li style="text-align: justify;">19 issues: 500 years Reformation (2017)</li><li style="text-align: justify;">30 issues: 50 years Moon Landing (2019)</li><li style="text-align: justify;">40 issues: 250th birthday of Ludwig van Beethoven (2020)</li></ul><div style="text-align: justify;">In the outlook I wondered whether Dante or Napoleon might become the BIG jubilee of the year and indeed both performed rather well, but are nothing near the jubilees of the last years. Fyodor Dostoevsky on the other hand was not on my radar at all.</div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgsys5n7w4jbmCmLJfLfPX3ktn7J9QzYBQS1_Z3IujafUjoH3c2LC66MYT_VF72aBnAo9p8aTEUHe-H_t5qX4B9_owg9HVjAHR36TyRW0vn6lcm6pGOyA3m1_QHyU6zrgX4f5ETCOFgPzodDjV3D9lnWhoF-ZzONcn4kXmWQswf_-4MF9yOa4YS2x9wmQ=s480" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="383" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgsys5n7w4jbmCmLJfLfPX3ktn7J9QzYBQS1_Z3IujafUjoH3c2LC66MYT_VF72aBnAo9p8aTEUHe-H_t5qX4B9_owg9HVjAHR36TyRW0vn6lcm6pGOyA3m1_QHyU6zrgX4f5ETCOFgPzodDjV3D9lnWhoF-ZzONcn4kXmWQswf_-4MF9yOa4YS2x9wmQ=w159-h200" width="159" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgG-yx7uWli5PD8TR2A34fVgTe1YE1rnweA4OqDfyAJFlr7Fv0HrjvNZUFzi3h25wQATFqWs9qtqvnwRswDJ7IP_OhevP3k-H0Bn1gE1TvESZfU3mOHjiDTWQf1gVydgX0Hei4p_KSm_X_oDquNoL6gjpvNp0eaEMs1Feu4OSobPTORNUqpT6MpUdptPw=s628" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="628" data-original-width="406" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgG-yx7uWli5PD8TR2A34fVgTe1YE1rnweA4OqDfyAJFlr7Fv0HrjvNZUFzi3h25wQATFqWs9qtqvnwRswDJ7IP_OhevP3k-H0Bn1gE1TvESZfU3mOHjiDTWQf1gVydgX0Hei4p_KSm_X_oDquNoL6gjpvNp0eaEMs1Feu4OSobPTORNUqpT6MpUdptPw=w129-h200" width="129" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh-Xa9bIOCDadMt0AH2h2Ec3Ik6IOfJTduVTFG4su5QPl5Rtfvbym2Yg6EMh4QgyM2EWdKB0fglOV2KPrMJsQcnu0kebkUWF8Qn8PH3ZMnw1Kac7Ean8VCW4dVP0vqgAvATYOQrzegA_J0kjkC258CfJ1ONriO-erjW4zHdWfFuTfxFbRkixzhteupxGA=s575" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="487" data-original-width="575" height="169" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh-Xa9bIOCDadMt0AH2h2Ec3Ik6IOfJTduVTFG4su5QPl5Rtfvbym2Yg6EMh4QgyM2EWdKB0fglOV2KPrMJsQcnu0kebkUWF8Qn8PH3ZMnw1Kac7Ean8VCW4dVP0vqgAvATYOQrzegA_J0kjkC258CfJ1ONriO-erjW4zHdWfFuTfxFbRkixzhteupxGA=w200-h169" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh2qLQZFJtXNASh-8pzekAQmp_cL1_xpJK5gw3Xc-pH30uxOQqRT5mkq5t2jQExJA2CD1nDvIbyApWq-kLbOAM-hzc7MpyFTtbg_F1q0SQr20lKcwDBQoDcS6JhsXrHYmLXgvLb7xzSjANmiiJ7vZndni0pNRSuChoszabNYyStq8KyFacUlhc2FALptg=s613" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="376" data-original-width="613" height="122" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh2qLQZFJtXNASh-8pzekAQmp_cL1_xpJK5gw3Xc-pH30uxOQqRT5mkq5t2jQExJA2CD1nDvIbyApWq-kLbOAM-hzc7MpyFTtbg_F1q0SQr20lKcwDBQoDcS6JhsXrHYmLXgvLb7xzSjANmiiJ7vZndni0pNRSuChoszabNYyStq8KyFacUlhc2FALptg=w200-h122" width="200" /></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The end of the year also means once again to choose My Favourite History Stamps of the Year in addition to my general <a href="https://stampcollectionatdustin.blogspot.com/p/my-favourite-stamps-2014.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #fcff01;">My Favourite Stamps of 2021</span></a> over on my stamp blog. Unlike last year I am contended with this list, so without further ado:</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>11. Robert Blum (Germany)</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Robert Blum is one of the most famous German proponents of the Revolution of 1848, yet this is the first time that he is shown on a stamp. I actually thought that this might be the "prequel" for a 175th anniversary stamp issue of the revolution itself in 2023, but no such stamp is planned. This souvenir sheet is not connected to any anniversary and is actually part of the stamp series "Aufrechte Demokraten" (Upright Democrats), which was started in 2002, but for which this is just the sixth issue. It is great to see Blum honoured with a stamp, but I do not like this design at all with the white streak on his face and the text in the background that is covered and thus unreadable. Hence just the 11th rank.</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgx9iyT3kLN5LxcpRbNFXyCXKjYAXYOXoM76qg7J_9w2ETzajUeyLisX3pUlFI22BUIXsh9QwEXbzJyJ9Eexn3e_M-bzvbWMgDpKStswr1o-EkCgy-e3PKbA7F2fvJZc77HoVif0CV9-3yedb1dmvsOG_x-6GhBJCTz8YCNb_pQfV8LNlEkTATkheMyTA=s1193" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="719" data-original-width="1193" height="241" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgx9iyT3kLN5LxcpRbNFXyCXKjYAXYOXoM76qg7J_9w2ETzajUeyLisX3pUlFI22BUIXsh9QwEXbzJyJ9Eexn3e_M-bzvbWMgDpKStswr1o-EkCgy-e3PKbA7F2fvJZc77HoVif0CV9-3yedb1dmvsOG_x-6GhBJCTz8YCNb_pQfV8LNlEkTATkheMyTA=w400-h241" width="400" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>10. 400th Birthday of Jean de La Fontaine (France)</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;">I really like the design of this sheet, but more so because I collect also <a href="https://childhoodheroesonstamps.blogspot.com/" target="_blank"><span style="color: #fcff01;">Childhood Heroes on Stamps</span></a>. La Fontaine was not on my historical radar until recently, his works are however of immense importance and this sheets thus deserves to be included here.</div><div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjF2MqwvK3GMDwGAAkTexsdyiDznDj4Unrg6yCWg-dN_DHfrPO6Ypdt_u_RxkAGJHajJ5jEDECFN9gNFg4r39e4-6uiy6li57hIMzr3tGULjW10ZaUcypja27ZB4ORhZ0ht_bDy80lEktzOmFYOfMehRzexwoU12lQ2179WeedonzPDpMZF7RNzRySVTQ=s1716" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1250" data-original-width="1716" height="291" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjF2MqwvK3GMDwGAAkTexsdyiDznDj4Unrg6yCWg-dN_DHfrPO6Ypdt_u_RxkAGJHajJ5jEDECFN9gNFg4r39e4-6uiy6li57hIMzr3tGULjW10ZaUcypja27ZB4ORhZ0ht_bDy80lEktzOmFYOfMehRzexwoU12lQ2179WeedonzPDpMZF7RNzRySVTQ=w400-h291" width="400" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>9. Bicentenary of the Congress of Laibach (Slovenia)</b></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;">This congress in Laibach, which is now called Ljubljana and is Slovenia's capital, was one of four successor congresses of the Congress of Vienna and an "attempt of the five Great Powers to settle international problems after the Napoleonic Wars through discussion and collective weight rather than on the battlefield" (Wikipedia). I guess it is not widely known that these congresses existed at all, but it is nice to see that at least one is remembered on a local/national level. This is a nice little stamp, but unfortunately a victim of my own course of the year. I bought it online, scanned it, put in my album and did not think about it further. Still a worthy addition to any stamp collection about European history.</div><div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgQwN3notZDeu7qIIVwKoxztJYvyYgi4cQqn1BXyvffH7FYTLmfN1F_yI2mRBLGk4sH1W-015_0g4KhKR5IHS2sOeyELjPFPx0CCNmmsW97HogNKGJaTpiSJKA65urvV8zWZLyr7Effb5cmP_nZwvry6FpSeVrKXUe_bzu0mwBjW2ttojrJQQWNPZFE8Q=s632" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="361" data-original-width="632" height="229" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgQwN3notZDeu7qIIVwKoxztJYvyYgi4cQqn1BXyvffH7FYTLmfN1F_yI2mRBLGk4sH1W-015_0g4KhKR5IHS2sOeyELjPFPx0CCNmmsW97HogNKGJaTpiSJKA65urvV8zWZLyr7Effb5cmP_nZwvry6FpSeVrKXUe_bzu0mwBjW2ttojrJQQWNPZFE8Q=w400-h229" width="400" /></a></div><div><br /></div><b><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>8. Industrial Revolutions (United Kingdom)</b></div></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;">This is a very interesting set. I am not aware of any other issue that decidedly thematises this theme and shows different inventions of the era (although I am actually sure that there are some), so this is a set of immense interest for my collection.</div><div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh72tkKlp2vm7KkmqEtV0wo9UhkJEAr6F_kspjIIVnXb_r4SmCRwK51xdp_YNu6nXMorQs7EDIcBNJFspDEnIZGLzdypT34RjyRD7nDkINezvWkaRx7JmabdE5RVTDO06kgTDRSZFapjOF9By_ZBSh1kcdf2Bza-U3CGvEcw3StIVd5k6qKw_oO1B_ckg=s2249" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="730" data-original-width="2249" height="130" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh72tkKlp2vm7KkmqEtV0wo9UhkJEAr6F_kspjIIVnXb_r4SmCRwK51xdp_YNu6nXMorQs7EDIcBNJFspDEnIZGLzdypT34RjyRD7nDkINezvWkaRx7JmabdE5RVTDO06kgTDRSZFapjOF9By_ZBSh1kcdf2Bza-U3CGvEcw3StIVd5k6qKw_oO1B_ckg=w400-h130" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEibe64PPL2AAOwZxdY5LftGD2Cfto6jcgjc_4jycRS5M1_xNS5_dwF3GIONZgaRkac9tkg8wuN0hSSa6257LbqkOzXoDUapP0CKOBHiv-P87HBDoh3V8NXhOOGwfZ8JQ-K4iyTz-3HYxf0ZdgMJjqSaE0zotXnBkjbQaiO612p7pGiYF39HyybIJ9Qr6g=s1500" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1062" data-original-width="1500" height="284" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEibe64PPL2AAOwZxdY5LftGD2Cfto6jcgjc_4jycRS5M1_xNS5_dwF3GIONZgaRkac9tkg8wuN0hSSa6257LbqkOzXoDUapP0CKOBHiv-P87HBDoh3V8NXhOOGwfZ8JQ-K4iyTz-3HYxf0ZdgMJjqSaE0zotXnBkjbQaiO612p7pGiYF39HyybIJ9Qr6g=w400-h284" width="400" /></a></div><div><br /></div><b><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>7. Birth Centenary of Sophie Scholl (Germany)</b></div></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Standing up against extremism is once again of big importance these days and so a list like this would not be complete without Sophie Scholl. It is nice to see that they used a different image than usual and they have chosen an interesting quote: "Such a nice, sunny day and I shall go. What however is my death due to, if through us thousands of people are startled and awaken" (22nd February 1943, Scholl's death day). The question however remains why her brother Hans did not get the same treatment in 2018.</div><div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhE8FPKDQZR6rRc1T8_qLvDYxNLiRDyB4MSHXzlgu4nzLK6x3zcwmpxU_ICc5Zg3KD7-9ediMxPKmlvxGgC40LdvGn4N0l1l2gjRaGcYD6z9Zzgqxe-8ttqbOm5RPUZXSERXCHxpAJRHyTWOzxx-Fq5BfOmeXCuzfnJUW0NEXfE3QFwonV8Y-872tgr1g=s615" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="615" data-original-width="425" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhE8FPKDQZR6rRc1T8_qLvDYxNLiRDyB4MSHXzlgu4nzLK6x3zcwmpxU_ICc5Zg3KD7-9ediMxPKmlvxGgC40LdvGn4N0l1l2gjRaGcYD6z9Zzgqxe-8ttqbOm5RPUZXSERXCHxpAJRHyTWOzxx-Fq5BfOmeXCuzfnJUW0NEXfE3QFwonV8Y-872tgr1g=w276-h400" width="276" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>6. 230th anniversary of the Constitution of 3 May 1791 (Poland)</b></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Did you know that Poland (or more precisely the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth) was one of the first democratic states in Europa? A democratic constitution was introduced already in 1791, but was not effective very long, as the country was divided soon after and disappeared from the map for over 100 years. A rather odd jubilee, but this constitution got the European Heritage Label. Once again a painting by Jan Matejko was chosen to illustrate a historic theme on a Polish stamp.</div><div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiQ01za2uVz-9KZodssuYKMoMs3anZp_dk2AFs8QfGF6XbnIhjhdSNaWz23WkgrIAMqtFoUI7bxtpP7CV7JvMXMaCbVLkE5Sn-n5F2Pp5ozTcRCJK7gPdIuAntOn9n4eNKLJn42l-mICfBXzaCqrXtxrGcNAogSZ4j30MwSxGHi9R9kkB_7QNDwU_rC7g=s539" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="531" data-original-width="539" height="394" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiQ01za2uVz-9KZodssuYKMoMs3anZp_dk2AFs8QfGF6XbnIhjhdSNaWz23WkgrIAMqtFoUI7bxtpP7CV7JvMXMaCbVLkE5Sn-n5F2Pp5ozTcRCJK7gPdIuAntOn9n4eNKLJn42l-mICfBXzaCqrXtxrGcNAogSZ4j30MwSxGHi9R9kkB_7QNDwU_rC7g=w400-h394" width="400" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>5. 1700th anniversary of Jewish Life in Germany (Germany)</b></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;">This is a striking yet simple design and once again a theme to remember these days. Like the Slovenian stamp this one was issued in early 2021 and I have forgetten it a bit in the course of the year. I guess Covid-19 prevented many bigger celebrations. This stamp is also a reminder for the sad fact that the number of special postmarks in Germany was drastically decreased in 2021. In 2019 there were over 360 special postmarks used in Germany (I mean those that are organised locally and not officially tied to a stamp issue), last year there were only roughly 170. That means a great loss for the philatelic commemoration for smaller and local events and anniversaries. In a normal year I guess there would have been multiple postmarks highlighting local connections to this jubilee, but under these circumstances there was only this one from Seelow. It is nonetheless interesting for showing a Stolperstein, the ubiquitous memorial to the Shoa.</div><div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgDrv3PkDEfidT28qctfFdok-MLUT3FFiD4vZcoOiqSl7AQlpx5YcdcacshT8ZM31gOu0JgV5eJpVp4lu1Riz0GOLJyguX4PtmG-2DqybltCTNn4cjOYeg-pKT3Un_XiEnMsn4gtjDX2djlAmdPiCzT4lEm9MqU1yb20fq-1G4Q4eusTpXd1068iz1hug=s872" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="700" data-original-width="872" height="321" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgDrv3PkDEfidT28qctfFdok-MLUT3FFiD4vZcoOiqSl7AQlpx5YcdcacshT8ZM31gOu0JgV5eJpVp4lu1Riz0GOLJyguX4PtmG-2DqybltCTNn4cjOYeg-pKT3Un_XiEnMsn4gtjDX2djlAmdPiCzT4lEm9MqU1yb20fq-1G4Q4eusTpXd1068iz1hug=w400-h321" width="400" /></a></div><div><br /></div><b><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>4. Margarete Schütte-Lihotzky and the Frankfurt Kitchen (Austria)</b></div></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;">This is another stamp without jubilee, but I like it very much, as it closes a big gap in the philatelic documentation of modern architecture. The Frankfurt Kitchen was designed by Margarete Schütte-Lihotzky, one of the first women to study architecture in the Austro-Hungarian Empire and probably the first who actually worked fully as architect, for Ernst May's social housing project New Frankfurt. It is considered to be the forerunner of the modern fitted kitchen. Schütte-Lihotzky however was not only a designer, but also a communist activist in the Austrian resistance to Nazism. A worthy and long overdue commemoration!</div><div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjWQTqGRK3Ab-9zZR6nsr1pLBP5s2Mmg5jK9HggIlHr_oGBO-RzPNp-W0kTbU4tqeXqloOe5diNaQR1jIfQqnKmVe0UIiDx4CuGa49m4M-1ft-q9knDHqkuhpfA7GwuZUbO5nj0hyMi0S-zy_e9mYZIip0liGgHGKCv398VcoCpLRY2uXWCWjqnvAgtAw=s812" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="812" data-original-width="394" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjWQTqGRK3Ab-9zZR6nsr1pLBP5s2Mmg5jK9HggIlHr_oGBO-RzPNp-W0kTbU4tqeXqloOe5diNaQR1jIfQqnKmVe0UIiDx4CuGa49m4M-1ft-q9knDHqkuhpfA7GwuZUbO5nj0hyMi0S-zy_e9mYZIip0liGgHGKCv398VcoCpLRY2uXWCWjqnvAgtAw=w194-h400" width="194" /></a></div><div><br /></div><b><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>3. Margaret Atwood (Canada)</b></div></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Do not worry, Margaret Atwood is not dead yet. So you might wonder, why do I include a stamp like this in my list of history stamps? Well the reason is that reading The Handmaid's Tale shaped my interest in historic themes in the recent years like nothing else. Compared to Brave New World, Nineteen Eighty-Four and Fahrenheit 451, I think that this dystopia is the most frightening and also most realistic and in case you did not know, Atwood says that everything that she described in her book had an equivalent in real history. Is that not reason enough to investigate the dark sides of humanity's past from dictatorships to genocides for many years to come? </div><div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhLg1YrJHJJhfE6yeEFs0WBqrrWG5WWlVmYacxwix78uV4DnWLIv03TnGaQPKp_HrmklHsp83JFVoYkBea4kK46CeXTgwNyEXuqwbYVVNIIRKVH48mpZMbuY0zW0fieO5igastwh-NO8xPk-NPUe4x21U7pWBK3ykmDFOR2p8lDArNPnOX9pjUphjzaeA=s503" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="503" data-original-width="455" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhLg1YrJHJJhfE6yeEFs0WBqrrWG5WWlVmYacxwix78uV4DnWLIv03TnGaQPKp_HrmklHsp83JFVoYkBea4kK46CeXTgwNyEXuqwbYVVNIIRKVH48mpZMbuY0zW0fieO5igastwh-NO8xPk-NPUe4x21U7pWBK3ykmDFOR2p8lDArNPnOX9pjUphjzaeA=w361-h400" width="361" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>2. 150th anniversary of the Internment of the Bourbaki Army (Switzerland)</b></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;">As I said before, I have written my master thesis this year. The theme was the change of depiction of the Foundation of the German Empire in German history schoolbooks between 1971 and 2021 and the reason why I chose this theme was the omission of a German stamp for the jubilee. 1971 there was a stamp and my assumption was that if back then there was and now there is not a stamp there had to be changes as well in how the schools want to communicate the theme to the following generations. Well, in the books however there is no big change at all and so I am wondering even more why there was no such stamp. Our southwestern neighbour however issued a stamp about an event in the atmosphere of the German Empire's foundation. The French Armée de l'Est originally under General Charles Denis Bourbaki was interned in Switzerland in the late phase of the Franco-Prussian War and Switzerland was thus able to consolidate its reputation as a humanitarian nation. The stamp shows a detail of a panorama painting about this event. Apparently you could scan it with a particular app to view the complete painting, but I have not tried.</div><div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEic60MlJD2U_Xru0-_eNWs606kha4z_MEA8uaOxgTVzkiaywwz8zrw5YgcyFB1lMCjeewxXJBKzLZFLApTr4F7wqual62USV9kFqD652JmE9hP7KRwGSVmaY0gX24IIrpMsMH88iCz9bS4oohzi5rmjI1LTQVv3Ra2CIZNVPPOYfxpONT8i_Nm7Kb1JZw=s1906" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1337" data-original-width="1906" height="280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEic60MlJD2U_Xru0-_eNWs606kha4z_MEA8uaOxgTVzkiaywwz8zrw5YgcyFB1lMCjeewxXJBKzLZFLApTr4F7wqual62USV9kFqD652JmE9hP7KRwGSVmaY0gX24IIrpMsMH88iCz9bS4oohzi5rmjI1LTQVv3Ra2CIZNVPPOYfxpONT8i_Nm7Kb1JZw=w400-h280" width="400" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Honourable Mention: Konrad Adenauer (Spain)</b></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Last year my first place stamp was the Spanish stamp about Robert Schuman that was said to be the start of a series about the Founding Figures of the European Union and I said that I was looking for the stamp about Konrad Adenauer. That stamp was now already issued, but I do not have it yet, so just a honourable mention.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>1. Death Bicentenary of Napoleon Bonaparte (France)</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Even if I would have got the Adenauer stamp it would not have stand a chance against this sheet. I think this is one of the most beautiful stamp issues that I have ever seen and talking about history-themed stamps nothing comes near it for me in 2021. A well deserved first place and in fact the only theme I managed to write a post about in 2021, so nothing more to add.</div><div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiXD-r0DzD6iBrHlzAW07KfB8O-Yn2I4bef2yFgTyzA7-T2BqEZ033yjxMv15ey4XJ6dW37uL3CXtZf5FHmoGU5KpR6yLvtlwhbdZ2x2X57t91mfS8P7v8vExK3w2q7B0cabGWLBxuu7izkOO0uS94oJR0fhtqFenTGHeiy3idIfAo2ixvSSnowRSrn3w=s1713" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1713" data-original-width="1258" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiXD-r0DzD6iBrHlzAW07KfB8O-Yn2I4bef2yFgTyzA7-T2BqEZ033yjxMv15ey4XJ6dW37uL3CXtZf5FHmoGU5KpR6yLvtlwhbdZ2x2X57t91mfS8P7v8vExK3w2q7B0cabGWLBxuu7izkOO0uS94oJR0fhtqFenTGHeiy3idIfAo2ixvSSnowRSrn3w=w294-h400" width="294" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">With Looking Back finished, let's now begin the Looking Forward.</div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">2022 will bring us of course the announcement of the new European Heritage Label sites. That is something I always look forward to and it might happen in March. Checking out some museum programs and other online news the biggest German history exhibition of the year seems to happen in Trier. From June to November a state exhibition in three museums will thematise the Fall of the Roman Empire. Other German exhibitions I hope to visit will be held in Hildesheim (Islamic Art in Medieval treasures), Münster (Barbarossa) and maybe Stuttgart (History of Beer and Wine). The National Museum of History and Art in Luxembourg plans an exhibition about the Luxembourgian entanglement with the (Belgian) imperialism, which sounds very enticing. Too far away but still noteworthy are the exhibition about the Nebra Sky Disc at the British Museum in London and the openings of Grand Egyptian Museum in Cairo, the Palace Museum in Hong Kong and the Lucas Museum of Narrative Art in Los Angeles. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">This is my preliminary list of Jubilees in 2022:</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">50 years The Limits to Growth</div><div style="text-align: justify;">75 years Independence of India</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div>100th birthday of Betty White</div><div>100th birthday of Doris Day</div><div>100th birthday of Kurt Vonnegut</div></div><div style="text-align: justify;">100 years Discovery of the Tomb of Tutankhamun</div><div style="text-align: justify;">100 years Irish Free State</div><div style="text-align: justify;">100 years Soviet Union</div><div style="text-align: justify;">150th birthday of Piet Mondrian</div><div style="text-align: justify;">150th birthday of Otto Braun</div><div style="text-align: justify;">150th death anniversary of Giuseppe Mazzini</div><div style="text-align: justify;">150 years Yellowstone National Park</div><div style="text-align: justify;">200th birthday of Gregor Mendel</div><div style="text-align: justify;">200th birthday of Heinrich Schliemann</div><div style="text-align: justify;">200th birthday of Louis Pasteur</div><div style="text-align: justify;">200th death anniversary of Karl August von Hardenberg</div><div style="text-align: justify;">200 years Decipherment of the Hieroglyphs</div><div style="text-align: justify;">200 years Independence of Brazil</div><div style="text-align: justify;">250th birthday of Novalis</div><div style="text-align: justify;">250 years First Partition of Poland</div><div style="text-align: justify;">350th birthday of Peter the Great</div><div style="text-align: justify;">350 years Rampjaar</div><div style="text-align: justify;">400th birthday of Molière</div><div style="text-align: justify;">450 years Herzog August Library in Wolfenbüttel</div><div style="text-align: justify;">450 years Os Lusíadas</div><div style="text-align: justify;">450 years Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre</div><div style="text-align: justify;">550th birthday of Lucas Cranach the Elder</div><div style="text-align: justify;">900th birthday of Frederick Barbarossa</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Once again there is no jubilee that stands out, so most likely there will be again no BIG jubilee. I am however aware of at least one stamp for most of the themes. I would guess that of these either Mendel, Moliere or Pasteur will have the most stamps issued by the end of the year. As this year will be busy, I do not want to plan too much, but I think about posts for Ancient Egypt, Louis Pasteur and maybe Guiseppe Mazzini.</div><div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiBxValqobVh37By2IUfj1sN4OXZnH-hrberE1thICV3PRiGvw659i3W8z500teacz-AuZtRReSJrr6RkrKto0gS0SOrOjFKhBYHwb5MZ5e6elEl85dW9wGPEwGnicWMnL4P-LlrYmvhHUI2UUAxMvqpMzveBomyG9x6b3cif6RgERJEc6gbw6rje-YZA=s484" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="484" data-original-width="363" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiBxValqobVh37By2IUfj1sN4OXZnH-hrberE1thICV3PRiGvw659i3W8z500teacz-AuZtRReSJrr6RkrKto0gS0SOrOjFKhBYHwb5MZ5e6elEl85dW9wGPEwGnicWMnL4P-LlrYmvhHUI2UUAxMvqpMzveBomyG9x6b3cif6RgERJEc6gbw6rje-YZA=w150-h200" width="150" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjMKp2BrVC89zqde8_6j0AtPfiUVnWpSGyQCFohxpA3vwnFCUmJNRLCkXa90eS5XHPwV1oALWiIfDBKaKYMxxLGxK8jI74_MrkKeHaqTsih_BTnN_twcccl6pqJmcjryuUmIb_99_RFKwpwRzWprTIzBI0649N4w0fwjwjR2hrbhc9PW_mtUhWSGmhEpQ=s351" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="351" data-original-width="220" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjMKp2BrVC89zqde8_6j0AtPfiUVnWpSGyQCFohxpA3vwnFCUmJNRLCkXa90eS5XHPwV1oALWiIfDBKaKYMxxLGxK8jI74_MrkKeHaqTsih_BTnN_twcccl6pqJmcjryuUmIb_99_RFKwpwRzWprTIzBI0649N4w0fwjwjR2hrbhc9PW_mtUhWSGmhEpQ=w126-h200" width="126" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjrnCBg7Lg9_DEFBFT6H26Xr41W_0iU-1N-gq1rEbzww10JXiRMSJ1cw2ful_N5ivgJ-U49NxMlNO3baL4WY95AFF4A3qcxL-iM_RjRc_CnyyKGY8hKUDAVptXdxd3GCQBjIqm6wrWi8MDufiN8YuNmcXYcQkAXyiEwQoslUANlUmIRFkMptoWeSRjmjg=s621" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="621" data-original-width="556" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjrnCBg7Lg9_DEFBFT6H26Xr41W_0iU-1N-gq1rEbzww10JXiRMSJ1cw2ful_N5ivgJ-U49NxMlNO3baL4WY95AFF4A3qcxL-iM_RjRc_CnyyKGY8hKUDAVptXdxd3GCQBjIqm6wrWi8MDufiN8YuNmcXYcQkAXyiEwQoslUANlUmIRFkMptoWeSRjmjg=w179-h200" width="179" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiWGhtwfFJzvXmiy_OijTdMkI_H2Urg9Kzg8P0fr9XCBuFJ1H21p2kqZYv3hhA8M2rfxU142Gr6eyoSNAFi3SYG81cKmKY15gcCgfyuEUhk_p8vA5mL6FxjBCCtfi0yzewzeqD0FGpIXTdEg5TZLaQ4fIP-OPpx6Q8KHw7Ae5ScJI0tfM_FjXJifwCTxg=s385" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="385" data-original-width="324" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiWGhtwfFJzvXmiy_OijTdMkI_H2Urg9Kzg8P0fr9XCBuFJ1H21p2kqZYv3hhA8M2rfxU142Gr6eyoSNAFi3SYG81cKmKY15gcCgfyuEUhk_p8vA5mL6FxjBCCtfi0yzewzeqD0FGpIXTdEg5TZLaQ4fIP-OPpx6Q8KHw7Ae5ScJI0tfM_FjXJifwCTxg=w168-h200" width="168" /></a></div><p></p></div>dustin15http://www.blogger.com/profile/12015554128978899257noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6937716955495315572.post-43681499099326023792021-12-19T18:37:00.001+01:002021-12-19T18:40:49.659+01:00Napoleon on French and European Stamps<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">The year went by so fast that I sometimes completely forgot that I have neglected this blog for so long. Actually I made plans for at least four bigger posts I wanted to write during the course of the year and some smaller ones, but like so often other things prevented me from doing so. This post however I still want to write now, as I had the idea a long while ago and really liked it. As you all probably know 2021 marks the Bicentenary of the Death of Napoleon Bonaparte. I knew I wanted to do something about this anniversary, but did not want to just plainly write down his life. Instead I came up with the idea of diving into his presentation on various stamps and this is now the result of this idea. At first I will have a look at French stamps to see how one of the most famous Frenchmen in history is depicted and afterwards I will add up this story with some other stamps from Europa. Below all the stamps I will also write a bit more about vacancies and the development of this post if that is something that interests you and if you are not only here for the stamps.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">But let's get this post started and where would it be better to start than at the beginning? Napoleon Bonaparte was born in Ajaccio on the island of Corsica on 15th August 1769 and Napoleon's Birth Bicentenary was honoured with a French stamp in 1969. The building on the left is the Maison Bonaparte in Ajaccio, the ancestral house of the family. It is often said that Napoleon is actually not a Frenchmen, because he was from Corsica which was supposedly not part of France at the time of his birth. That is however not true. Corsica was at the beginning of the 18th century indeed a territory of the Republic of Genoa, which lost the control of most of the island in the middle of the century. By 1768 France began the capture of the island which was concluded in May 1769. At that point various powerful Corsican families joined the French side including the Bonapartes. Napoleon later got his education in France and although he had an affection for the Corsican nationalists in his early years, he ultimately devoted himself to the French cause. The portrait on the right shows Napoleon at the age of 23 as member of the French Republican volunteers on Corsica. This first stamp thus mainly highlights Napoleon's Corsican heritage. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjE5xgFom-A-WSsqlqWYIQrdL0QFOKwO9SMAgKzXlAV-SVHHhoa6hSmCJf4_uFsyyC7NRaIk0W4VTAo1fMrr__jXWU4EjEnju_MXrfl5J1ICV5vuPGc3fZln0Bnt2rivy4N9bA_7IjRXrAlXmCUSbLrVWg6Sj6LFl1iHwDWLXgWs-UnBeDTaJ7J_x_06g=s621" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="376" data-original-width="621" height="194" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjE5xgFom-A-WSsqlqWYIQrdL0QFOKwO9SMAgKzXlAV-SVHHhoa6hSmCJf4_uFsyyC7NRaIk0W4VTAo1fMrr__jXWU4EjEnju_MXrfl5J1ICV5vuPGc3fZln0Bnt2rivy4N9bA_7IjRXrAlXmCUSbLrVWg6Sj6LFl1iHwDWLXgWs-UnBeDTaJ7J_x_06g=s320" width="320" /></a></div><p style="text-align: justify;">Fighting for the Revolution his tactical skill soon became apparent. Three years after the stamp above two campaigns in Napoleon's early career were shown on French stamps, the Battle of Arcole during the Italian Campaign and the Egyptian Expedition. Napoleon went to Italy shortly after his marriage with Joséphine de Beauharnais in 1796. He quickly defeated the Austrian ally Piedmont and became involved in the Siege of the Austrian garrison in Mantua. The Battle of Arcole was part of an Austrian attempt to lift the siege, which however failed, and the overall campaign resulted in the Treaty of Campo Formio granting France the rule over Northern Italy and the Low Countries, which were subsequently exploited by Napoleon and his troops. During this period his influence in France increased. Plans for an invasion of Great Britain followed, but Napoleon decided that the French marine was not strong enough and so decided that at first Egypt should be captured to hamper Britain's access to India. This Egyptian Expedition began with the capture of Malta, but at the end resulted in a French catastrophe. After Horatio Nelson destroyed or captured most of the French fleet, Napoleon went on some brutal attacks on the Ottoman cities of Arish, Gaza, Jaffa and Haifa and ultimately fled back to Paris in August 1799. The focus of this second stamp is however not the French defeat, but the scientific dimension of the expedition. More than 150 scientists joined Napoleon and their discoveries included after all the Rosetta Stone, which Jean-François Champollion later used to decipher the hieroglyphs. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhc0uzH7qhQdcq20X17AM51L8X9SfCtyAVwzWoONIDV9yE2Cu-aG-q53fvpqIoiPhbY1p16LbLIE2AuXzDVFbKt4P7hcYXpkHvhkt4jr-g8uftMnUIei3NVTF-ETM_bRTuCpHqssJZLjQmF9eTyhRwpSA7Zh69FS49DQig6VTLR5PWjJ_8ahoyIfm-M8A=s624" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="624" data-original-width="376" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhc0uzH7qhQdcq20X17AM51L8X9SfCtyAVwzWoONIDV9yE2Cu-aG-q53fvpqIoiPhbY1p16LbLIE2AuXzDVFbKt4P7hcYXpkHvhkt4jr-g8uftMnUIei3NVTF-ETM_bRTuCpHqssJZLjQmF9eTyhRwpSA7Zh69FS49DQig6VTLR5PWjJ_8ahoyIfm-M8A=s320" width="193" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgVAAWqttYvUaYy3mzqofpu-RvUD33C8lxZKfXd3rBM4ZyaoQni0sO_850s74u8TiOaqNFsx06LhWDzJAq5qRc19Z0e_S9_MzNa_Wqt3mIW27VfFkERllc9j2KbtgkLCdLrrsi1eBNlc0FNBZKws99JN8zTNeFsYo-Y81_eHh1d-oB7NEJm0FgoQSUUuA=s625" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="625" data-original-width="376" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgVAAWqttYvUaYy3mzqofpu-RvUD33C8lxZKfXd3rBM4ZyaoQni0sO_850s74u8TiOaqNFsx06LhWDzJAq5qRc19Z0e_S9_MzNa_Wqt3mIW27VfFkERllc9j2KbtgkLCdLrrsi1eBNlc0FNBZKws99JN8zTNeFsYo-Y81_eHh1d-oB7NEJm0FgoQSUUuA=s320" width="193" /></a></div><p style="text-align: justify;">The following events in Napoleon's life and career are ignored on French stamps. The next event to be honoured is the preparation of the Code Civil. The Code Civil or Code Napoleon entered into force in March 1804. This collection of written laws was a important step in the defeudalistion of Europa and is still used in France to this day. Even in parts of Germany it survived the end of Napoleon's rule and was in use until the end of the 19th century. Shown on the stamp are the Conseil d'État, Napoleon and Jean-Étienne-Marie Portalis. Portalis drew up the Code Civil together with François Denis Tronchet, Félix-Julien-Jean Bigot de Préameneu and Jacques de Maleville, but also worked on the Concordat of 1801 and later became a member of the government as Minister of Public Worship. Another stamp about the Code Civil was issued in 2004. Also there are two stamps about the creation of the Légion d'honneur in 1802 (1954 and 2002), which falls in the same period but which I unfortunately do not have.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhlMUXZnd440xqHfERW7TdL07gFph8k_IP-w30zmY3WUPTnafyqzez4_C-Ri1_7Rubbf3FwDdJJMUseLxKX8yfmO-cLXPNiAd3CQ8tMku3utc18qt5vHJnOiefyiWK_9iF7zatg4Omvhj0twbK2Hl1XtfMT3WcwcJaSHI-AIdoGiYVjw77mSVCIVexxUw=s622" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="380" data-original-width="622" height="244" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhlMUXZnd440xqHfERW7TdL07gFph8k_IP-w30zmY3WUPTnafyqzez4_C-Ri1_7Rubbf3FwDdJJMUseLxKX8yfmO-cLXPNiAd3CQ8tMku3utc18qt5vHJnOiefyiWK_9iF7zatg4Omvhj0twbK2Hl1XtfMT3WcwcJaSHI-AIdoGiYVjw77mSVCIVexxUw=w400-h244" width="400" /></a></div><p style="text-align: justify;">On 2nd December 1804 Napoleon was coronated Emperor at the Notre Dame de Paris in the presence of Pope Pius VII. During the ceremony a golden laurel wreath recalling the Roman Empire and a replica of Charlemagne's crown were used. Napoleon had the laurel wreath on his head and crowned his wife with the replica. The stamp shows a detail of the painting The Coronation of Napoleon by Jacques-Louis David. It was created as official depiction of the event and is now kept in the Louvre. As France decided not to thematise anything that happened before the coronation, I guess it is fair to do the same.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhR_Y7t9diMIOtyS7scMP6ga6DLTVKStySJnhYuvNZl5323dhXL3mCtpk9Y5fRRqhgMjRwgTONCocUDFWHf_xT7M7F4qZ3jCvIyzdeKlNkE03tRQhnr6kTrzDGSeBflrXCnurLEeS5rpAOjlKG5Yte1iTcbjEGTIC09j2Ls12SgZrZsbvCE5dJTCc1Fpw=s622" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="622" data-original-width="378" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhR_Y7t9diMIOtyS7scMP6ga6DLTVKStySJnhYuvNZl5323dhXL3mCtpk9Y5fRRqhgMjRwgTONCocUDFWHf_xT7M7F4qZ3jCvIyzdeKlNkE03tRQhnr6kTrzDGSeBflrXCnurLEeS5rpAOjlKG5Yte1iTcbjEGTIC09j2Ls12SgZrZsbvCE5dJTCc1Fpw=w242-h400" width="242" /></a></div><p style="text-align: justify;">Last year this stamp about La Roche-sur-Yon was issued. The city had been destroyed during the Vendée Revolt and was rebuilt had the behest of Napoleon. In May 1804 it officially became the seat of the Vendée. At this time it was called Napoléon-sur-Yon. Shown on the stamp is the statue of Napoleon that was erected in 1854.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgCXzaVS-cBbIAUofFcsEqDbNBAyaQ9dX79rzMVOBswuYQoiafAPDy1uOCisRxoq3kAwQiJCDXI6V-V340iT6XMtOK-TzyvPYWZPPwdBTcqZnQYXc-wK68oXsI7E_CuP2A6pwYULzjzcbYwPPm6R8o2ewDzUqDkLLPRXIUeNp-ePdk9y4NeFK_M3f3alg=s490" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="490" data-original-width="367" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgCXzaVS-cBbIAUofFcsEqDbNBAyaQ9dX79rzMVOBswuYQoiafAPDy1uOCisRxoq3kAwQiJCDXI6V-V340iT6XMtOK-TzyvPYWZPPwdBTcqZnQYXc-wK68oXsI7E_CuP2A6pwYULzjzcbYwPPm6R8o2ewDzUqDkLLPRXIUeNp-ePdk9y4NeFK_M3f3alg=s320" width="240" /></a></div><p style="text-align: justify;">Today the first French Emperor is naturally known as Napoleon, but did you know that this was not always the case? During his early career the man was known as Bonaparte or even earlier as Buonaparte. It was just when he became Emperor that the given name became synonymous with the ruler and as such he went out to gain his biggest victory at the Battle of the Three Emperors near the small Austrian/Czech town of Austerlitz (Slavkov u Brna) on the first anniversary of his coronation. Known as tactical masterpiece, Napoleon defeated the outnumbering armies of Austria and Russia. After this battle Napoleon was definitely the hegemon of Continental Europa. For the 200th anniversary of the battle France jointly issued this stamp with the Czech Republic. As you have seen so far this is one of the very few Napoleonic battles that was honoured with a French stamp, which makes this one a bit outstanding. Probably they have chosen the battle, because it was his biggest victory, but on the other hand maybe the idea for this joint issue came from the Czech Republic, which however later issued stamps about Napoleon's big defeat in Leipzig. A gorgeous, but mysterious issue! Apropos, the monument on the stamps is the Cairn of Peace Monument in Prace.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgugJfhElvZ4TTkvmBKL71ieZD_8vgqD28yHeAQZm-bd3W7UPJFEmbghw5rXkkCfvnuv-RlCy5Rj_Fl3WER7TAkpKlXEegsnVvcdCtY3wtwwFafv2yYgnapvHkjV5CfOCEJppzs89sWz4SwN7ONCfFVKmnkUQr_P_sjhsZRfZ4RcZaaXRkT1C_9IIvzvA=s536" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="332" data-original-width="536" height="124" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgugJfhElvZ4TTkvmBKL71ieZD_8vgqD28yHeAQZm-bd3W7UPJFEmbghw5rXkkCfvnuv-RlCy5Rj_Fl3WER7TAkpKlXEegsnVvcdCtY3wtwwFafv2yYgnapvHkjV5CfOCEJppzs89sWz4SwN7ONCfFVKmnkUQr_P_sjhsZRfZ4RcZaaXRkT1C_9IIvzvA=w200-h124" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjx4lr_xPKnELwsUPuXFKLG0Ys06Zmng9QWzrJ0pvziXratkMD1HA_4AotZZo-ox_TssJ8YtPNxMhRxpd_NI_H2oFV--8-5CG0IoUHKC0Dg411v9ePDTYuWX19ejBCUDOACTXWeJScZQ3-braRkP_dK00uSM6hnV-tQDTGHOgZ4zFoDYzUIRYkQDKWJ3A=s497" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="368" data-original-width="497" height="148" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjx4lr_xPKnELwsUPuXFKLG0Ys06Zmng9QWzrJ0pvziXratkMD1HA_4AotZZo-ox_TssJ8YtPNxMhRxpd_NI_H2oFV--8-5CG0IoUHKC0Dg411v9ePDTYuWX19ejBCUDOACTXWeJScZQ3-braRkP_dK00uSM6hnV-tQDTGHOgZ4zFoDYzUIRYkQDKWJ3A=w200-h148" width="200" /></a></div><p style="text-align: justify;">After his victory in Austerlitz installed friends and family as rulers in various European states. The only one of them who was shown on a French stamp was Joachim Murat. Murat was a military commander and married Napoleon's younger sister Caroline in 1800. He became Grand Duke of Berg (1806-1808) and King of Naples (1808-1815). The stamp however only calls him Roi de Naples, his earlier title in the small artificially created grand duchy in Germany is ignored. After the Battle of Leipzig he switched sides to save his throne, but switched back after Napoleon's return from Elba in 1815 and was killed in the end by the forces of the rightful King Ferdinand IV of Naples.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjVykZ8z4akkmFGZLy5yTH-NOYg3XBNODd4wu7H7voQ6ZJV6y-Sptjgl544a5Yai8UmejWZf-Nqr-xydCCCPv8GDUVyWUSgowWSD7lRkgmzXBDlwqmWGMexZEDU-oJGzF6h3TZJDNf4ebcVx7g0esc7ruaLg3TlpfNkNtwKrffqi_KZvse9X09C-UMT2w=s505" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="505" data-original-width="381" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjVykZ8z4akkmFGZLy5yTH-NOYg3XBNODd4wu7H7voQ6ZJV6y-Sptjgl544a5Yai8UmejWZf-Nqr-xydCCCPv8GDUVyWUSgowWSD7lRkgmzXBDlwqmWGMexZEDU-oJGzF6h3TZJDNf4ebcVx7g0esc7ruaLg3TlpfNkNtwKrffqi_KZvse9X09C-UMT2w=s320" width="241" /></a></div><p style="text-align: justify;">From Austerlitz and Joachim Murat we jump in time straight to 1815. You might remember that there was some sort of battle this year and you remember right. Who does not know the Battle of Huningue? Huningue is a small Alsatian town right at the border between France, Germany and Switzerland and is more or less a suburb of Basel. Due to its location the Sun King Louis XIV instructed Vauban to built a fortress there. The fortress was first besieged by the Austrians in 1796/97, later by the Bavarians in 1813/14 and once again by the Austrians in 1815. When the new French government demanded a ceasefire after Napoleon's abdication, the commander decided to bombard Basel instead. Ultimately however the fortress surrendered. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjn1x01G2YGMdm-kShfCI_kJ-TX4wDOQxLNT-yWDBJpZz7yFUiexAAb3XQomZcn2yM1LgwmDdP3PTVUyk3B8rrGlerCOUsSZWAJ52NjmZfKgxaCsbM2atmkdIjZfxEiU293NkYrpiD2VCkJkGUH7q6JNoK5MeqVuHRX_fp_UcAq2NWhfpPtpd2Stv6Y5w=s610" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="422" data-original-width="610" height="276" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjn1x01G2YGMdm-kShfCI_kJ-TX4wDOQxLNT-yWDBJpZz7yFUiexAAb3XQomZcn2yM1LgwmDdP3PTVUyk3B8rrGlerCOUsSZWAJ52NjmZfKgxaCsbM2atmkdIjZfxEiU293NkYrpiD2VCkJkGUH7q6JNoK5MeqVuHRX_fp_UcAq2NWhfpPtpd2Stv6Y5w=w400-h276" width="400" /></a></div><p style="text-align: justify;">The first French stamp about Napoleon was issued in 1951 and now 70 years later his death is acknowledged with a stunning souvenir sheet. In my opinion this is one of the most visually appealing stamp issues of the year. You really need to seek it out to see it in real life. A scan can not do it justice. It is printed in a combination of offset and intaglio printing and much gold foil is applied. Of special interest are those small bees recalling artifacts from the grave of the Frankish king Childeric I from the Merovingian dynasty, as Napoleon wanted a royal symbol that has a historic model without being connected to the Ancien Régime. The pomp of this issue however can not disguise Napoleon's fate. Beaten he was sent to exile on the island of Saint Helena. There he could either watch the sea as shown on the lower stamp or play with the rats as was often shown on contemporary caricatures. There on a remote island in the South Atlantic Ocean one of the most famous and influential men in European history died on 5th May 1821.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj6wWzX2JPFrhcqUPOMUUy2s71oXQc6jd_jqbs-pwl_y_r8Yr0QenrfjJIUWlGnc-Z6TM25aBJ1vWGLDORmLW1wtrOtX0Sb8x2gzdyjl_FtOmJoWPo3XVChP6bnMqugeERaKsBZA2QCCgRKW37h7Z001PSCNUO1WNC9hxTWJAbfGkclNHvwBxEgYg8n2g=s1713" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1713" data-original-width="1258" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj6wWzX2JPFrhcqUPOMUUy2s71oXQc6jd_jqbs-pwl_y_r8Yr0QenrfjJIUWlGnc-Z6TM25aBJ1vWGLDORmLW1wtrOtX0Sb8x2gzdyjl_FtOmJoWPo3XVChP6bnMqugeERaKsBZA2QCCgRKW37h7Z001PSCNUO1WNC9hxTWJAbfGkclNHvwBxEgYg8n2g=w294-h400" width="294" /></a></div><p style="text-align: justify;">After all those French stamps it is time to add the narrative of the First Emperor of France with some stamps from other European countries. Let's get one thing out of the way, not all of them are as flattering as this Monégasque stamp issued for Napoleon's Birth Bicentenary in 1969. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiTnZoAaDmC3t4zsd09AhHGYu9vnx1hOifz6BetCiDpSIY5cUmsAtdu9Mg5uhS0kzhFQAPPb7KvP-CSAyy7VXf7LZr7yavF8V0g2CO1jE1z2vGLyNroJNWW6QvGl12D7YR6Tz7QPCxhdhQzX4FHgDSkScE5sOaOxNZPLXN0qQ07RmzPORZdF6Yunwfa4g=s633" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="633" data-original-width="495" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiTnZoAaDmC3t4zsd09AhHGYu9vnx1hOifz6BetCiDpSIY5cUmsAtdu9Mg5uhS0kzhFQAPPb7KvP-CSAyy7VXf7LZr7yavF8V0g2CO1jE1z2vGLyNroJNWW6QvGl12D7YR6Tz7QPCxhdhQzX4FHgDSkScE5sOaOxNZPLXN0qQ07RmzPORZdF6Yunwfa4g=s320" width="250" /></a></div><p style="text-align: justify;">Adding the stamps in the chronological order of the depicted events the first I have is however another victory, the Battle of Marengo. This battle was part of the War of the Second Coalition and was fought near the city of Alessandria in Northern Italy in June 1800. After all the Battle of Arcole and the Treaty of Campo Formio had not ended the Austrian involvement in Italy. Barely four years later they had to be driven out again. This battle also consolidated Napoleon's rule as First Consul. It has to be mentioned that this battle has also appeared on a French stamp. In 1968 there was a stamp about General Desaix, the French commander during the battle, which also shows a scene of the battle. Unfortunately I became aware of it too late to add it to my collection. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjvlOnA7Sb40pJYBGgIsaSukGld6Dnd1u2I7l0tnwBYIUVIKVlqQl3bqmJB2CJQKHzLmwiqt7mVBoDfQwjYHXHso613JC_QnwD2jHLRlwf2Srs7u3yS9KDny7NbVAtWilJ9gp8iZa43nx6E-oScgyCmFD258sQH0jbl3vS3IMqHiIK3f1VGS7RW2nikaQ=s491" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="491" data-original-width="370" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjvlOnA7Sb40pJYBGgIsaSukGld6Dnd1u2I7l0tnwBYIUVIKVlqQl3bqmJB2CJQKHzLmwiqt7mVBoDfQwjYHXHso613JC_QnwD2jHLRlwf2Srs7u3yS9KDny7NbVAtWilJ9gp8iZa43nx6E-oScgyCmFD258sQH0jbl3vS3IMqHiIK3f1VGS7RW2nikaQ=s320" width="241" /></a></div><p style="text-align: justify;">Leaving Europa for a stamp, the rule of Napoleon had also an influence on the USA. In 1803 Napoleon sold the French colony of Louisiana or more precisely for most of the area the right to obtain it. Napoleon actually planned to re-establish the French rule in the territory, but after some failures decided to sell it instead. This Louisiane Purchase nearly doubled the size of the USA. Shown on this US stamp are not only the US negotiators, but also French Treasury Minister François Barbé-Marbois. After this sesquicentennial issue from 1953 a bicentennial stamp was also issued in 2003.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhEWEYNDWr-o_8h0LZ4aIPHh4BV7HAmqShjrpzaB08V6gdP1XSOzQhV2rVDDtFvJ0SX2l7CZ-JlwnLTYgIjpTagiA5iUDw0alQzBbrBB7YLQe0KjDe8UlwPm7y7rnmBQZV9gfYc3klxpzlroj3ezMUQxYEO5dUIqgIZsA6PGNJ18SdhL0qj7m6108t--w=s520" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="315" data-original-width="520" height="194" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhEWEYNDWr-o_8h0LZ4aIPHh4BV7HAmqShjrpzaB08V6gdP1XSOzQhV2rVDDtFvJ0SX2l7CZ-JlwnLTYgIjpTagiA5iUDw0alQzBbrBB7YLQe0KjDe8UlwPm7y7rnmBQZV9gfYc3klxpzlroj3ezMUQxYEO5dUIqgIZsA6PGNJ18SdhL0qj7m6108t--w=s320" width="320" /></a></div><p style="text-align: justify;">Everyone who has ever been to London probably knows Trafalgar Square and the Nelson's Column there, but many maybe do not know what Trafalgar was. Or was that just me when I was in London in 2011? The Battle of Trafalgar was a naval battle in the War of the Third Coalition in October 1805. Napoleon had the idea to conquer Great Britain and to accomplish that plan the French and Spanish navies were combined to take control of the English Channel. The fleet however was met off Cape Trafalgar on the southwest coast of Spain by the British navy under the command of Admiral Lord Horatio Nelson and Nelson was against all odds victorious, although loosing his own life. The battle became a focal point in the history of British naval supremacy in the 19th century. As such it was already honoured on many stamps. I think for the Bicentenary in 2005 not only the United Kingdom itself, but also all overseas territories and crown dependencies issued stamps, which in the usual British tradition are not just single stamps, but always bigger sets. In my collection I have this set from Gibraltar issued on 31st January 2005. Actual timber from the original HMS Victory, Nelson's ship during the battle, is affixed to the £1.60 stamp and similar stamps have been issued in Ascension Island, the Bahamas, Bermuda, the British Indian Ocean Territory, Cayman Islands, Jamaica, Kiribati, Naura, Saint Helena, Saint Lucia and Tristan da Cunha.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgeVGZgy6TEqVgf3ypILP-t06hb_SU80V29jSU8i8NMRMOmY1AH_8iPynhkuUUxiX-BPCct3FeK4V49AADHUqC1KCjwg3J9AhnzVV4ZkIbCJH62JAK_MH9T_zS20cXZ5JCOCdo8oOP1Ly7Tvmb-QNVarqHYH6J7qi5E9Urq-r_3CjXooZGC5fBNjKdQwg=s584" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="584" data-original-width="369" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgeVGZgy6TEqVgf3ypILP-t06hb_SU80V29jSU8i8NMRMOmY1AH_8iPynhkuUUxiX-BPCct3FeK4V49AADHUqC1KCjwg3J9AhnzVV4ZkIbCJH62JAK_MH9T_zS20cXZ5JCOCdo8oOP1Ly7Tvmb-QNVarqHYH6J7qi5E9Urq-r_3CjXooZGC5fBNjKdQwg=w126-h200" width="126" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgUat0jLuv8-YAkGjAHfZ78SNtaAasOKOqBDYO3VCOhM4q7px8YeJ0M3_xYyd56h4-uPPe4MChjamsK3QBK68CiH-Z5VfwVi8jhBxCvBmXZgNxUnMslOKyCllP6NmHK7kL9MpvQa60g1txn3-4558khyQT29NnJu70w-3lrhg_pt22w7tKSp576Efuq-Q=s581" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="364" data-original-width="581" height="125" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgUat0jLuv8-YAkGjAHfZ78SNtaAasOKOqBDYO3VCOhM4q7px8YeJ0M3_xYyd56h4-uPPe4MChjamsK3QBK68CiH-Z5VfwVi8jhBxCvBmXZgNxUnMslOKyCllP6NmHK7kL9MpvQa60g1txn3-4558khyQT29NnJu70w-3lrhg_pt22w7tKSp576Efuq-Q=w200-h125" width="200" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEimB-SUwr-Zkf2Sy8Y6HgLxauEbqI7-a255W1ZSGuuWOIdLkiJyuThEeeeeEe-44V9VfcCED0qxIyhxj3KU1jayb1dW8MlArbZvb8pOcO-H1Vzoe8FdKjcEN383kIlYn8EnNpAulkWmWSM1zs0Hj0jOjmnn2OXi0cT9P14pnH7O8KRbWEJwvIxnzvgm3A=s584" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="372" data-original-width="584" height="127" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEimB-SUwr-Zkf2Sy8Y6HgLxauEbqI7-a255W1ZSGuuWOIdLkiJyuThEeeeeEe-44V9VfcCED0qxIyhxj3KU1jayb1dW8MlArbZvb8pOcO-H1Vzoe8FdKjcEN383kIlYn8EnNpAulkWmWSM1zs0Hj0jOjmnn2OXi0cT9P14pnH7O8KRbWEJwvIxnzvgm3A=w200-h127" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhOP_PVKDeR2FH4iahuE8rPwKinhy21hq9WmfLx2wXVxGPKKqslta551KYHAPFA6EdrLj5E5ZtAR0rOdOU3lWp-X1fW-JcuG89W5LvbSedMeyk9_8xEKfSIOxXg-INeWc_d5A-4w7A3UQ73z7wpycfJaT3AUfFW56Vhf-XxYI4280PpO_FmELDROHBIPQ=s578" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="366" data-original-width="578" height="127" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhOP_PVKDeR2FH4iahuE8rPwKinhy21hq9WmfLx2wXVxGPKKqslta551KYHAPFA6EdrLj5E5ZtAR0rOdOU3lWp-X1fW-JcuG89W5LvbSedMeyk9_8xEKfSIOxXg-INeWc_d5A-4w7A3UQ73z7wpycfJaT3AUfFW56Vhf-XxYI4280PpO_FmELDROHBIPQ=w200-h127" width="200" /></a></div><p style="text-align: justify;">As philatelist you probably know that there are French and Spanish stamps issued for Andorra. The reason is that this small country is actually headed by two co-princes, one from France and one from Spain. The turbulent years of the French Revolution however brought change on the French side and in 1806 Napoleon restored the status quo ante. I could not find much about what this means in detail, but it was enough for this Bicentenary issue in 2006 by the French Post in Andorra.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgPinER05vAnUFNUFxhC96xDULuSnMF3X__RVz9sSNVAUwJs_vSuAuewgzoQhpEtXNZEfO95YnWU-DdWcgTTpjRgs53nyo3gUgxIR5tTh9-2ec5_-WjR5Rt6vp6Tbgbznucsmeo5HGRVrY-fRHrE36URajAMnmkdmMVfk7gaPXYl6Ccb6Cj9DzsDK5p_A=s962" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="326" data-original-width="962" height="135" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgPinER05vAnUFNUFxhC96xDULuSnMF3X__RVz9sSNVAUwJs_vSuAuewgzoQhpEtXNZEfO95YnWU-DdWcgTTpjRgs53nyo3gUgxIR5tTh9-2ec5_-WjR5Rt6vp6Tbgbznucsmeo5HGRVrY-fRHrE36URajAMnmkdmMVfk7gaPXYl6Ccb6Cj9DzsDK5p_A=w400-h135" width="400" /></a></div><p style="text-align: justify;">About the Napoleonic era on the Iberian Peninsula I know very little, as it is never the focus for German depictions of the time. For my collection I got this Portuguese set about the Bicentenary of the Peninsular War issued in 2010, so I will focus on that period and ignore the background. Well, Portugal was that time still an ally of the United Kingdom and had no interest in joining the Continental System (the German word Kontinentalsperre or the French blocus continental somehow sound nicer). To change that Napoleon decided to attack Portugal and invade Spain on the way. That was in 1807. It is however also said that Napoleon's real motive might have been to dethrone the Spanish King to replace him with one of his brothers. The result was a big political mess and a military catastrophe, as the Spaniards did not like to be conquered and began a bloody guerrilla uprising that binded French forces which should been used in other theaters. Portugal and Spain were later supported by the United Kingdom. Shown on these stamps are the battles of Vimeiro (1808), Bussaco (1810), Grijó (1809) and Pombal (1811). In 1928 there had already been a set about the Battle of Rolica (1808). The fightings on the peninsula had actually World-historical dimension, as it enabled the independence of the South American colonies of both countries.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhsGhQPIa7WNsazIv88clfR4S4UWn6okOtVZFOUTbCZmEV1LJKzJyxHyVeefbqQJL10wmxsjYQu6zEfFEz0JPMU1rzhnIg3G1rm3b3Fr0KkPdvzLbXDWvzRhE5ATDef_rpWLAPvbliCeQhh_Rqqgx37NUcR7vkWkjSTBkX31xL4NrgGEhZxve6AY49XEg=s961" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="376" data-original-width="961" height="156" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhsGhQPIa7WNsazIv88clfR4S4UWn6okOtVZFOUTbCZmEV1LJKzJyxHyVeefbqQJL10wmxsjYQu6zEfFEz0JPMU1rzhnIg3G1rm3b3Fr0KkPdvzLbXDWvzRhE5ATDef_rpWLAPvbliCeQhh_Rqqgx37NUcR7vkWkjSTBkX31xL4NrgGEhZxve6AY49XEg=w400-h156" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi5vqq5kPkS_5OR47RrolgYpy5AxQpHYTfxYGEB92RiLBiHfM0WSC6QHhddwVRw3XUs5H6p_VcSjvcQzw7SLejMbVsa3J4j2fOCPkimXH5J2tqyXGO28tXWJA7VSyBC6-xEworgNOHY3ty56rUDeYZ7ER8WqIWl96MJ7VoqiMw3_Ym0E1FJRPWzJ-SWzw=s1497" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1134" data-original-width="1497" height="303" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi5vqq5kPkS_5OR47RrolgYpy5AxQpHYTfxYGEB92RiLBiHfM0WSC6QHhddwVRw3XUs5H6p_VcSjvcQzw7SLejMbVsa3J4j2fOCPkimXH5J2tqyXGO28tXWJA7VSyBC6-xEworgNOHY3ty56rUDeYZ7ER8WqIWl96MJ7VoqiMw3_Ym0E1FJRPWzJ-SWzw=w400-h303" width="400" /></a></div><p style="text-align: justify;">Inspired and scared by the events in Spain, Austria began to fear a similar fate for its monarchy and also hope for uprisings in the German territories. To help in both cases armaments and reforms were started. Napoleon thought that Austria would not do anything without allies and thus not acted at all. Austria however feared that Napoleon just waited for an ending of the fightings in Spain to do the same with the Austrian monarchy and became active with an attack on the French ally Bavaria. After some small battles Austria was defeated in Eckmühl near Regensburg in April 1809 and Vienna was captured three weeks later. Another week later the Austrians however defeated Napoleon in the Battle of Aspern and Essling (21st/22nd May 1809), before being defeated again by Napoleon in the Battle of Wagram (5th/6th July 1809). The Austrian fate was not as bad as that of Prussia or Spain, but the consequences of this hubris were not good either. Although Austria mainly fought alone, these fightings are known as War of the Fifth Coalition, as they were theoretically backed by Sardinia, Sicily and the United Kingdom. Good to see the ultimately pointless victory in Aspern and Essling on an Austrian souvenir sheet. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhIU50g5iSXqyOWCq_jMaS9WGGhpe7nlncgjdsedMhBgD4-atrJOy7GJTd5OO5gPoIy_-_G3WDPgB4kk1jpwTfGzwYUpn9GCurBht4gLAtVrUe9_7opRO3IdVHTmAW1Q1lQwcKmCPcTKHHy8UmkB4VWGLZeIrmfkcrDvRdNT8rRNc_NkXl9WREMLD2fIQ=s1041" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1041" data-original-width="877" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhIU50g5iSXqyOWCq_jMaS9WGGhpe7nlncgjdsedMhBgD4-atrJOy7GJTd5OO5gPoIy_-_G3WDPgB4kk1jpwTfGzwYUpn9GCurBht4gLAtVrUe9_7opRO3IdVHTmAW1Q1lQwcKmCPcTKHHy8UmkB4VWGLZeIrmfkcrDvRdNT8rRNc_NkXl9WREMLD2fIQ=w338-h400" width="338" /></a></div><p style="text-align: justify;">Not all Austrian hopes for uprisings were baseless. In Tyrol the innkeeper Andreas Hofer started in the context of the War of the Fifth Coalition in April 1809 a rebellion against the Bavarian occupiers, who controlled the territory by Napoleon's grace since 1805. The rebellion failed, but Hofer is to this day celebrated as a Tyrolean national hero. His remains are buried in the Hofkirche in Innsbruck next to the cenotaph of Emperor Maximilian I and I know of at least three Austrian stamps about Hofer including this souvenir sheet as most recent one. As consequence of the rebellion Bavaria had to cede parts of Tyrol to direct French control. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEggDknixbXZ7RZtuvUJGhxNWkDF5yye8rZlhVTFuDINDHkHBf2T9NX0RmZK7lmql7WcFAeHdXNcZoIXQhD02FzT7H3ZleTexH-AML4-UWDZXdvCHf-fxGX8gd5YrzgED8fbB72RGM98yW7EIkbyK2ofUtEpon3zcnQd1t5QdLYQ-2Cj7L7At0XbYFd8qA=s1436" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1079" data-original-width="1436" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEggDknixbXZ7RZtuvUJGhxNWkDF5yye8rZlhVTFuDINDHkHBf2T9NX0RmZK7lmql7WcFAeHdXNcZoIXQhD02FzT7H3ZleTexH-AML4-UWDZXdvCHf-fxGX8gd5YrzgED8fbB72RGM98yW7EIkbyK2ofUtEpon3zcnQd1t5QdLYQ-2Cj7L7At0XbYFd8qA=w400-h300" width="400" /></a></div><p style="text-align: justify;">From the events in Austria we jump straight to Russia. Checking the timetable in the small monography by Johannes Willms I had read about Napoleon this seems to be justified, as he also does not include any events between 1809 and 1812. Russia was at this time the probably most independent European great power. The relations with Napoleon had been for a while amicably and on eye level. When the Russian Emperor however decided in December 1810 to leave the Continental System, which had more disadvantages than advantages for Russia, the conflicts began anew. In June 1812 Napoleon began his Campagne de Russie. He thought that the war would be over the faster the more troops he would send there, but in the end this idea just meant that more soldiers died in the harsh Russian winter. This Soviet souvenir sheet honours the 175th anniversary of the bloody Battle of Borodino, which ended with a French victory used to capture Moscow where Napoleon waited too long. The invasion ended in a desaster, but Napoleon was not yet defeated. The other European states however hesitated to seize the moment. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiB2ptwCzOhD-AtST5f3gsGGBz5zi6FhHnIVWnvoaFv7SICZKx3GYVyTusJLelReIAL4ZAY6a_r0EjTwWXyX7WOlptXQGR7-d-5DSQ-KknIvbJmoByANcexmJ4oOHeyRguVXBxFPhcMxWcrWnQA4YfuH008aRZsIO2KYmGU52hQKc75sitFOlkK2BYsJg=s1332" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="980" data-original-width="1332" height="294" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiB2ptwCzOhD-AtST5f3gsGGBz5zi6FhHnIVWnvoaFv7SICZKx3GYVyTusJLelReIAL4ZAY6a_r0EjTwWXyX7WOlptXQGR7-d-5DSQ-KknIvbJmoByANcexmJ4oOHeyRguVXBxFPhcMxWcrWnQA4YfuH008aRZsIO2KYmGU52hQKc75sitFOlkK2BYsJg=w400-h294" width="400" /></a></div><p style="text-align: justify;">The governments might have hesitated, but in the population it began to seethe. Especially in Prussia the people demanded to join the fight and the king had to grant their wish. Together Prussia and Russia were now fighting against Napoleon, but after some French victories, Austria negotiated a ceasefire between the three and afterwards Austria, Prussia and Russia signed a modest proposal which would have saved Napoleon's rule in France and big parts of Europa against the loss of former territories of the three powers and some of their allies. Napoleon denied and the for the being final war began. He soon lost the big Battle of the Nations at Leipzig, his Confederation of the Rhine crumbled, the allies were on their way to a war-weary France and due to his hubris Napoleon was eventually dethroned and send to Elba. This War of the Sixth Coalition is in Germany usually known as Befreiungskrieg(e) (War(s) of Liberation) and is connected with an idea of national identity. Although they played a big part in the conception of a united German history, they were rarely featured on German stamps. A Berlin stamp showed the Prussian National Monument for the Liberation Wars, the "anti-imperialist" German Democratic Republic (East Germany) showed some nice Prussian militaries on a set for the 150th anniversary and here in West Germany only the participants Blücher (shown below), Clausewitz, Körner and Stein were shown on some incoherent stamps. For the Bicentenary of the Battle of Leipzig the Czech Republic and Russia issued souvenir sheets, but here in Germany only a stamp for the Centenary of the Monument to the Battle of the Nations was issued. The focus is thus not the victory over France, but the technical feat of constructing Germany's biggest monument. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjniCWDva2Db3irckN9FzkrY7oXoZ9hqZw0Lyb0TEoM2BE4xaDquCoHW1SeG4IaVR5pa9dlY-mV-Mitv_D0-y87e_U0D9AzCqYNOF9FrMlDCQrCRiQ5IIGtjykTWZmS3Fvor2nIfQiTnv4Gsby6cHtNsvzgwE-XadkmtyH1CkgcdYVBe01bqhvZyQJq5Q=s404" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="345" data-original-width="404" height="171" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjniCWDva2Db3irckN9FzkrY7oXoZ9hqZw0Lyb0TEoM2BE4xaDquCoHW1SeG4IaVR5pa9dlY-mV-Mitv_D0-y87e_U0D9AzCqYNOF9FrMlDCQrCRiQ5IIGtjykTWZmS3Fvor2nIfQiTnv4Gsby6cHtNsvzgwE-XadkmtyH1CkgcdYVBe01bqhvZyQJq5Q=w200-h171" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj1xLBxX7ILN1JVcttoWSyLa8QWiQ2zINNdXEc8lf_XH1W3mY4HseQrKp5IAQbDLuKxNHmJ2Bu-RytkHs0PSWY6SmmA9YQ_5WaBv7sKwxU_rDyPQqrc_OgFuWaA4SvWVzRofXhEfjB9IBtF6d_oWzIbg1M7keNO4O7WkLKiQgYrgsXqcGjgPHb8j54QIw=s442" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="442" data-original-width="348" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj1xLBxX7ILN1JVcttoWSyLa8QWiQ2zINNdXEc8lf_XH1W3mY4HseQrKp5IAQbDLuKxNHmJ2Bu-RytkHs0PSWY6SmmA9YQ_5WaBv7sKwxU_rDyPQqrc_OgFuWaA4SvWVzRofXhEfjB9IBtF6d_oWzIbg1M7keNO4O7WkLKiQgYrgsXqcGjgPHb8j54QIw=w158-h200" width="158" /></a></div><p style="text-align: justify;">Napoleon might have been defeated and in exile, but it was not long until he returned. He quickly gathered an army and created a new rule which soon ended with the War of the Seventh Coalition and the Battle of Waterloo. This battle in modern day Belgium is unlike the Battle of Huningue probably one of the most famous battles in European history. It occured while the European powers were already discussing the political future of the continent in Vienna and led to Napoleon's final exile on Saint Helena. For the Bicentenary Belgium issued a stunnng souvenir sheet with five stamps about leaders during the battle. I have those two about Napoleon (on a <a href="https://postcardsblogatdustin.blogspot.com/2016/01/belgium-waterloo.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #fcff01;">Waterloo card</span></a>) and the Prince of Orange and the other three are Blücher, Ney and Wellington. The Isle of Man and the United Kingdom also issued some stamps and in Germany we got a special postmark. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhrnB_-g39_q3H3-ZYAM8EDfINPauJil_VnVacSo8Xp0c0j2JCNQKEP3AQV6gb5L5z70mRgB-GT_mCmYlev5bUvUSCEp-pUWts0Bnp5OTNIKdIksMqFQtIZlaFPTEU-JDWw3EwBo2DDVAxzz_DhgQDZAL0mt_AcgmQQQcp7k0VwI6pC3nEZhNGIHeiCVg=s699" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="624" data-original-width="699" height="179" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhrnB_-g39_q3H3-ZYAM8EDfINPauJil_VnVacSo8Xp0c0j2JCNQKEP3AQV6gb5L5z70mRgB-GT_mCmYlev5bUvUSCEp-pUWts0Bnp5OTNIKdIksMqFQtIZlaFPTEU-JDWw3EwBo2DDVAxzz_DhgQDZAL0mt_AcgmQQQcp7k0VwI6pC3nEZhNGIHeiCVg=w200-h179" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEghKEFn00uTtaajq3XufLC2I3RKGGZBOXzxaOCIUqtE1QIVONWDEq5q4RQb05femDUa36NDAfLJOLsDmPyMlQJeE8RZZIiS8UBHXljMJ0rhthLKeON2B9G9rzcBv8slqOR1Ymu0d34dJ7BTVLzGliISfvD7GS1W7BZ8N5qZgrrXwZdhTRQYCY28Bq_2uA=s612" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="612" data-original-width="526" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEghKEFn00uTtaajq3XufLC2I3RKGGZBOXzxaOCIUqtE1QIVONWDEq5q4RQb05femDUa36NDAfLJOLsDmPyMlQJeE8RZZIiS8UBHXljMJ0rhthLKeON2B9G9rzcBv8slqOR1Ymu0d34dJ7BTVLzGliISfvD7GS1W7BZ8N5qZgrrXwZdhTRQYCY28Bq_2uA=w172-h200" width="172" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj4Y_ZA2kNJOKcqUvF1RPcoC-UJhQqTYsMsKe5CKXeJuCHu4w3yt7ST7SQgovSSVcmUNQ8SoNqyGpECMzRcEni6NADEvGXOBiNISRk1BbyM7_Unf_IXpPNyoNHQN18bgIxEPcajFol6waMt_3JVLq3giqmCvcsku-z6JumogbNGKu15zBhic0M5HmdSBA=s748" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="417" data-original-width="748" height="111" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj4Y_ZA2kNJOKcqUvF1RPcoC-UJhQqTYsMsKe5CKXeJuCHu4w3yt7ST7SQgovSSVcmUNQ8SoNqyGpECMzRcEni6NADEvGXOBiNISRk1BbyM7_Unf_IXpPNyoNHQN18bgIxEPcajFol6waMt_3JVLq3giqmCvcsku-z6JumogbNGKu15zBhic0M5HmdSBA=w200-h111" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiIlp_6cIDPlH4Ghy3-WGhLZUwobeN9s1g4U2ZIkZ0z8ETN4Fsbeo-l7nzv2g-toccIPXbPoyHKjWx1ICAXl-GGSSWjDBZVXwOMhNBtYSleeGUsYvzWiC9mBT8AyBxYAVfjOEvv635C4ulEqrHynfIqYdTBvYqEOEPoO1tq_OEu85ipuBV4aqRTR2cPIA=s788" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="788" height="122" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiIlp_6cIDPlH4Ghy3-WGhLZUwobeN9s1g4U2ZIkZ0z8ETN4Fsbeo-l7nzv2g-toccIPXbPoyHKjWx1ICAXl-GGSSWjDBZVXwOMhNBtYSleeGUsYvzWiC9mBT8AyBxYAVfjOEvv635C4ulEqrHynfIqYdTBvYqEOEPoO1tq_OEu85ipuBV4aqRTR2cPIA=w200-h122" width="200" /></a></div><p style="text-align: justify;">I had written about it earlier this year and will hopefully do so again soon, but unlike the last years 2021 does not have one big jubilee. The Death Bicentenary is however a jubilee that spawned at least a resonable number of stamps. Beside the obligatory catch penny issues to my knowledge there were only stamps from Andorra (French Post), Italy, Malta and Saint Helena. In my collection I only have the one from Italy. It shows a detail of Andrea Appiani's painting Ritratto di Napoleone (1805) and includes the opening phrase of Alessandro Manzoni's ode Il cinque maggio (1821) written in response to the news of Napoleon's death, Ei fu (He was). Unlike the French sheet this stamp was issued on Napoleon's actual death day the 5th May. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh7SEFXEeAF9DnNxTEDbR7kIZWCNn7cPBrrYDJYHw7S598zQwHBW8Px5dQWb00rTBprA9I952CJBFMyA7F4WqNEVfK7muIhCr4uiRME8LGrvlXFGTAiQ898E1wOrSMc7XGzewsyPaD_uztaNb4_i8DmfkKYTC-3-i5jGGtRqh-2Er-RG4QGehdMOJsC-A=s484" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="484" data-original-width="362" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh7SEFXEeAF9DnNxTEDbR7kIZWCNn7cPBrrYDJYHw7S598zQwHBW8Px5dQWb00rTBprA9I952CJBFMyA7F4WqNEVfK7muIhCr4uiRME8LGrvlXFGTAiQ898E1wOrSMc7XGzewsyPaD_uztaNb4_i8DmfkKYTC-3-i5jGGtRqh-2Er-RG4QGehdMOJsC-A=s320" width="239" /></a></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Both the French and the European stamps only offer a desideratum of Napoleonic history. While France is more focused on the domestic politics of Napoleon (Code Civil, Légion d'honneur, Coronation, reconstruction of La Roche-sur-Yon), much of his way to power is generously ignored. Interestingly all the foreign affairs are either connected to Austria or Italy (Arcole, Marengo, Austerlitz, Joachim Murat as King of Naples), but never to for example the Netherlands, Prussia/Germany or Spain. The other European countries on the other hand are mainly issuing stamps about Napoleon's defeat and do not care about how pointless those defeats might have been in the end (Aspern and Essling). The good sides of Napoleon's rule are never touched. The two exceptions are the Czech stamp for the Battle of Austerlitz and the Italian stamp for the Battle of Marengo. Both stamps are a bit mysterious to me. The Czech Republic can laud itself to be the only country to honour both a Napoleonic victory (Austerlitz) and defeat (Leipzig). The Italian connection to Napoleon is something I would be interested to know more about. As an outsider I do not really understand why there is a reason to celebrate the switch from Austrian supremacy to French supremacy and whether the Italian situation was better afterwards. Biased on the other hand by German historical education, which is of course focused on the Napoleonic era in Germany and Prussia in particular, I think it is strange that no country seems to care about it. My assumptions would be that either the German and the French spared each other due to the post-World War II friendship (the Élysée Treaty was after all signed in the year of the 50th anniversary of the Battle of the Nations in 1963) or that in the German case the era is not much shown on stamps, as there were not only those German states that suffered during the time (e.g. Brunswick, Hanover, Prussia), but also strong Napoleonic allies (e.g. Baden, Bavaria, Württemberg). In conclusion I can say that there are many interesting stamps to collect about this theme, but that there are also many vacancies that I would wish to see on stamps.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><u><b>_____________________________________________________________________________</b></u></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Shown here are by far not all stamps about Napoleon. First and formost I have limited myself to European stamps with the single US stamp as exception. There are many thematic stamps from African and Arabic countries and territories which in most cases however are cheap catch penny wallpaper issues. Also I have not added any stamps about contemporaries of Napoleon which might have had some sort of connection to the ruler. This also includes some of his generals. The only exception here is Joachim Murat, as he was no simple contemporary, but a relative of Napoleon. Furthermore these are some stamps which I would have liked to add to this post, but which I was not able to get on time:</div><div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li style="text-align: justify;">From France I have already mentioned the stamps about the Battle of Marengo and the Légion d'honneur. In 2004 there was also a very interesting set showing Napoleonic soldiers and the Emperor himself as some sort of small toy figures</li><li style="text-align: justify;">The Free State of Danzig in the Interwar Period issued a stamp about the city's return to Prussia in 1814 in a set about historic events.</li><li style="text-align: justify;">From Germany I have already mentioned the stamps about Clausewitz, Körner and Stein. Of interest might be also a stamp about Prussian Queen Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz who met Napoleon in Tilsit in 1807.</li><li style="text-align: justify;">As part of sets about the Battle of Trafalgar Gibraltar and the Isle of Man also included stamps about the Battle of the Nile, the latter also included the Battle of Copenhagen. </li><li style="text-align: justify;">During the Napoleonic era the French colony Haiti became independent and of course there are some stamps of that event from the country.</li><li style="text-align: justify;">For the Bicentenary of the French Revolution Italy issued a stamp showing a Bicorne, the hat famously worn by Napoleon. In 2014 there was a stamp about the New City of Bari, which was constructed at the behest of Joachim Murat.</li><li style="text-align: justify;">Malta issued a set of four about the Bicentenary of Napoleon's French capture in 1998. One of the stamps shows Napoleon himself.</li><li style="text-align: justify;">Apart from the stamp above Monaco issued some more stamps about the Emperor. A set of four about the Bicentenary of his Coronation also includes a stamp about his wife Stéphanie de Beauharnais. In 2011 for some reason even a stamp about the Bicentenary of the Birth of his son Napoleon II was issued.</li><li style="text-align: justify;">With the grace of Napoleon Poland was reborn as (semi-)independent state after it was divided between Austria, Prussia and Russia at the end of the 18th century. As I have learned too late, there are a few Polish stamps about this time of the Duchy of Warsaw.</li><li style="text-align: justify;">In 2002 Russia issued a set about Emperor Alexander I. One of them shows him entering Paris after Napoleon was defeated.</li><li style="text-align: justify;">Saint Helena of course issued many stamps about its most famous inhabitant. The most interesting in my opinion is the souvenir sheet issued for the Bicentenary of Napoleon's Arrival in 2016. Unfortunately I was not able to get it.</li><li style="text-align: justify;">Napoleon liked San Marino and offered the state an enlargement at the cost of its neighbours. The offer was denied, but nonetheless was honoured with stamps.</li><li style="text-align: justify;">The Czech Republic issued a stamp for the Battle of Austerlitz and Slovakia followed with a stamp for the Peace of Pressburg/Bratislava signed as result of the Austrian defeat. The stamp shows a small portrait of Napoleon and the Primate's Palace in Bratislava where the treaty was signed.</li><li style="text-align: justify;">As I have written above, my knowledge of the Napoleonic era on the Iberian Peninsula is rudimentary and due to that I was not sure which Spanish events and stamps I had to include. I know now however that there are at least stamps about Agustina de Aragón, artworks by Francisco Goya, the Spanish flagship during the Battle of Trafalgar and the Constitution of 1812. In a series about Spanish history in caricatures issued in 2002 there is also one stamp about Napoleon. </li></ul></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Napoleon influenced the whole of Europa and due to that it is virtually impossible to write a complete history about his rule. Especially in Germany and Italy which were not united countries at the time as they are today there are so many different stories that you can never expect to know them all or see all of them on stamps (I am living rather close to the site of the Battle of Ölper where the local Black Duke Fredrick William of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel fought against the troops of the Napoleonic puppet Kingdom of Westphalia). Nonetheless these are some things that I somehow regret that they have never been on European stamps:</div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li style="text-align: justify;">As I had mentioned before, it would be nice to see a bit more of Napoleon's early life and way to power on stamps. Things and events I might imagine are the military academy at Brienne, the École Militaire in Paris, the Siege of Toulon and Napoleon together with the other Consuls.</li><li style="text-align: justify;">The War of the Fourth Coalition is not honoured on any European stamp. This war followed the creation of the Confederation of the Rhine and saw the Prussian defeat at Jena and Auerstedt, the Russian defeats in Eylau and Friedland and the Treaties of Tilsit. For the Bicentenary of the Battle of Jena and Auerstedt there were two special postmarks used in Jena and Auerstedt respectively, but so far I have never seen them for sale anywhere. There were however some catch penny issues about the battle from territories like Chad, Congo, Equatorial Guinea and Sharjah.</li><li style="text-align: justify;">Above I have already mentioned the Battle of Wagram from the War of the Fifth Coalition. That one was also never shown on a European stamp (there is however a rather nice one from Ascension Island). Generally I would have wished that all the big Napoleonic victories had got the "Austerlitz treatment" for their Bicentenaries.</li><li style="text-align: justify;">Additionally it would be nice as well to see more relatives of Napoleon on French stamps like the one about Joachim Murat. Those might include King Joseph of Spain, Grand Duchess Elisa of Tuscany, King Louis of Holland, King Jérôme of Westphalia, Eugène de Beauharnais, Napoleon II and his wives Joséphine de Beauharnais (shown on a stamp from Monaco) and Marie Louise of Austria.</li><li style="text-align: justify;">I am not aware that there were any stamps about the Napoleonic time in Belgium (apart from Waterloo), Denmark, Central Italy, the Netherlands, Sweden or Switzerland. Generally a stamp about the map of the Napoleonic Empire would be very interesting.</li><li style="text-align: justify;">No stamp has ever shown Napoleon on Elba. Stamps about the Villa Mulini and the Villa San Martino would be nice.</li></ul></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><u>Sources:</u></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The French philatelic website, Phil-Ouest, that I often look at has a site about Napoleon on French stamps (click <a href="https://www.phil-ouest.com/Series.php?Nom_serie=Napoleon_Bonaparte" target="_blank"><span style="color: #fcff01;">here</span></a>), which was a good start to create this post. Later I also found the great blog <a href="https://napoleonetlaphilatelie.blogspot.com/" target="_blank"><span style="color: #fcff01;">Napoléon Art et Philatélie</span></a>. Although it is in French, it is easy to navigate and includes a complete(?) list with stamps about the Napoleonic era. The texts here like usual rely on Wikipedia, but I also used a short monography simply called Napoleon written by Johannes Willms and published by C.H. Beck in Munich in 2019.</div></div>dustin15http://www.blogger.com/profile/12015554128978899257noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6937716955495315572.post-58533865651665096072021-04-08T14:55:00.003+02:002021-04-08T14:55:23.248+02:00Pre-selected Sites for the European Heritage Label 2022<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Exactly a year ago I wrote here about the new sites that got the European Heritage Label. Today again I can present you some news about the label, as the pre-selected sites for 2022 were announced recently. Let's have a closer look at them:</div><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><b>Grand Commandery Alden Biesen, Belgium</b> - one of the largest and most impressive castle estates in Europa, former headquarters of a Grand Commander of the Teutonic Order, oversaw twelve smaller commanderies in the Rhine-Meuse region</li><li><b>MigratieMuseumMigration, Belgium</b> - migration museum in Brussels, opened in 2019</li><li><b>Museum Center "Thracian Art in the Eastern Rhodopes": the Unknown European Ancestors, Bulgaria</b> - shows a replica of a Thracian tomb dated to the 4th century BCE, the tomb itself is noted for its high artistic value of its frescoes</li><li><b>Fulda and Petersberg – Centers of the Carolingian Education Reform, Germany</b> - the name says it all, check out <a href="https://raban-europa.de/en/" target="_blank"><span style="color: #fcff01;">their website</span></a> for more</li><li><b>The Oderbruch | A landscape made by people, Germany</b> - marshland near the German-Polish border, to bring the land under cultivation Frederick the Great ordered its drainage in the 18th century</li><li><b>Archaeological Site of Nemea, Greece</b> - known as site of Heracles' fight against the Nemean Lion and the Nemean Games</li><li><b>Almadén Mining Park, Spain</b> - production site of the largest quantity of liquid mercury metal in the World, also a UNESCO World Heritage Site</li><li><b>Seminaarinmäki Campus – Equality of Education, Finland</b> - oldest campus of the Jyväskylä University, said to be the most beautiful campus in Finland</li><li><b>The Wellspring of Multilingualism - Baška Tablet (Bašćanska ploča) and the Complex of the Church of St Lucy, Croatia</b> - one of the oldest monuments containing an inscription in the Croatian language</li><li><b>Vučedol Culture Museum and Vučedol Archaeological Site – source of European civilization, Croatia </b>- centre of the eponymous culture, which was contemporary with the Sumer period in Mesopotamia, the Early Dynastic period in Egypt and the earliest settlements of Troy, second application</li><li><b>Mariapocs National Shrine, Hungary</b> - important place of pilgrimage</li><li><b>Land of Water, Land in Water. The Po River Delta and Venice, Italy</b> - not sure at all what this site will include</li><li><b>Ventotene, Italy</b> - island in the Tyrrhenian Sea, site of a Bourbon and later Fascist prison camp, Altiero Spinelli wrote there the Ventotene Manifesto, which promoted the idea of a federal Europa after the war</li><li><b>Echternach Saint Willibrord Heritage, Luxembourg</b> - important site of the Early Medieval Christianisation of Europa and the Frisians in particular</li><li><b>The Historical Centre of Turaida, Latvia </b>- in 1212 a peace treaty was signed here between the Estonian tribes and the Livonian Brothers of the Sword, the Archbisphoric of Riga, the Livonians and the Latgalians</li><li><b>The Address of the Polish Bishops to the German Bishops, November 18, 1965, Poland </b>- invitation sent by Polish bishops to their German counterparts to the 1000 Anniversary Celebrations of Poland's Christianisation, important step in German-Polish reconciliation after World War II</li><li><b>Lech Hill with Gniezno Cathedral, Poland</b> - first historical capital of Poland, important site in the history of Christianity in Poland, site of the Congress of Gniezno, royal coronation site</li><li><b>Lines of Torres Vedras, Portugal</b> - built to protect Lisbon against the Napoleonic forces, second application</li><li><b>ASTRA Museum of Traditional Folk Civilization, Romania</b> - one of the largest open-air museum in Central and Eastern Europa, contains houses and workshops of Romanian folk culture from the pre-industrial era</li><li><b>The Palace of the European Commission of the Danube, Romania</b> - housed the European Commission of the Danube until 1921, the commission itself dates back to 1815</li><li><b>Medieval wall painting in Gemer and Malohont Regions, Slovakia</b> - medieval wall paintings by Italian frescoers and their masters</li></ul><div>Unfortunately again no more information than the name was given yet, so for anything else research has to be done. Like always this is easy for some, but difficult for others, as some names are not very meaningful. As a reminder, this is what is important for the final inscription:</div><div><br /></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><div><div>"<i>The goal of the European Heritage Label is to raise awareness of European shared history and to highlight education opportunities. The award strengthens people’s sense of belonging to the European Union’s values and identification with Europe’s cultural heritage. </i></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><div><div><i><br /></i></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><div><div><i>Sites which have played a significant role in the history and culture of Europe are eligible for the European Heritage Label award.</i>"</div></div></div></blockquote><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><div><br /></div><div>Important is also the European narrative of the site and the demonstration of "education oppurtunities". This however means that maybe the site with the most significant role is not inscribed, as noone created the right narrative or highlighted European education oppurtunities. In reverse this also means that nearly everything can be inscribed if an energetic initiave worked out both. In my opinion this leads to the inscription of sites that nobody ever heard of, while important sites of European history and culture will never be inscribed, as the responsible persons there might have never heard of the label. For sure all sites are somehow interesting, but they do not always represent the pinnacle of European history, but only add to the already immense number of sites that have to be considered. </div><div><br /></div><div>For me the most interesting of these sites are the Thracian museum in Bulgaria, Fulda and Petersberg, the sites of the Vučedol culture, Ventone, Echternach, Lech Hill and the Lines of Torres Vedras. I am looking forward to see the final inscriptions later on. </div><div><br /></div><div>Although some of the sites should be easy to get on cards, so far I only got one from Fulda. However I also have these two philatelic items about the sites.</div></div><p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9GJeK2yEm8KqwEcaNZIaJvFMS3KvoqUXTdIhzActJSkHsHoHlxPCea2HzLVe6JMFc2BJUBPi6cdxD6YDKoMoImfoci8GtWLm6R4g7ivbaT4KhjEzFOIoHk6ni7uvD64r7g8p3qXBgoMWD/s1600/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1114" data-original-width="1600" height="279" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9GJeK2yEm8KqwEcaNZIaJvFMS3KvoqUXTdIhzActJSkHsHoHlxPCea2HzLVe6JMFc2BJUBPi6cdxD6YDKoMoImfoci8GtWLm6R4g7ivbaT4KhjEzFOIoHk6ni7uvD64r7g8p3qXBgoMWD/w400-h279/1.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Prepaid Cover about Fulda</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6HPzuMw1t01PTS03uKAhntJPUZZINQSOex5e6s0pO_Ps43NPfN98OkHPbhtX98nieoH0sYgIFLrB9dx2OAkq8EL5clWMdDp14UgcBsTD8r5iBFZwIM-y7nSbfm7Q9bej1VppbE52rMa1J/s922/2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="784" data-original-width="922" height="340" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6HPzuMw1t01PTS03uKAhntJPUZZINQSOex5e6s0pO_Ps43NPfN98OkHPbhtX98nieoH0sYgIFLrB9dx2OAkq8EL5clWMdDp14UgcBsTD8r5iBFZwIM-y7nSbfm7Q9bej1VppbE52rMa1J/w400-h340/2.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Souvenir Sheet about the 1000th anniversary of the <br />Congress of Gniezno</td></tr></tbody></table></p>dustin15http://www.blogger.com/profile/12015554128978899257noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6937716955495315572.post-74935018358168014992021-03-19T17:16:00.003+01:002021-04-08T13:30:55.583+02:00Review and Overview of the Beethoven 2020 Stamps<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #ffa400;">EDIT: Information gathered after I published this post is included in orange.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Like I had promised earlier here is a small overview of the Beethoven stamps that were issued last year.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Beethoven stamps were issued in <span style="color: #ffa400;">Albania, </span>Argentina, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosnia and Herzegovina (Post Mostar), Bosnia and Herzegovina (Serb Post), Brazil, Bulgaria, Croatia, <span style="color: #ffa400;">Dominican Republic, </span>Faroe Islands, France, Germany, Gibraltar, Guernsey, Hungary, Israel, Jersey, Kazakhstan, KEP, Lebanon, Liechtenstein, Macau, Malta, <i>Mexico</i>, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, North Macedonia, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Spain, Ukraine, Uruguay, Vatican and Vietnam.</li><li>So in total 38<span style="color: #ffa400;">+2</span> postal administrations issued stamps about Beethoven for his 250th birth anniversary. 25<span style="color: #ffa400;">+1</span> of them are from Europa, 9 from Asia and 4<span style="color: #ffa400;">+1</span> from the Americas. Also there were a few agency-produced catch penny issues from Africa, but these can be ignored without loss. </li><li>There might be more stamps out there. About the issue from Mongolia for example I just learned in February 2021.</li><li>I am not sure if the stamp from Mexico was issued. The Mexican Post announced it on Instagram, but as of now it is still not included in the Colnect catalogue. Nonetheless for everything written below I have included it. <span style="color: #ffa400;">The stamp is still (8th April 2021) not included in the Colnect catalogue, but on </span><a href="https://timbredujura.blogspot.com/2021/04/250th-birth-anniversary-of-beethoven.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #fcff01;">Mon Blog Timbré</span></a><span style="color: #ffa400;"> you can see a used version on a cover, so it was definitely issued.</span></li><li>Latvia and Slovakia originally also announced Beethoven stamps, but they were apparently cancelled in the course of the year. </li><li>The first country with the Beethoven stamp was Germany, where the stamp became available already on 2nd January. As Beethoven was just baptised in December 1770, this stamp was issued nearly a year before the actual anniversary. Apart from the normal gummed stamp there have been also a gummed souvenir sheet and self-adhesive stamps from the coil and a booklet. All however use the same design.</li></ul></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSvhifWWRLllQ6dgj5dr2xNFTuxI9EWIm-Uh_btXw-LzdEoU0eVZTv1-uVSyyh1XwnzIyioUmka_AXCkdd2WURlrhtCjiKmG5pOkXod84flT6bJwCo9JxfMx18BJS8h_fD4RPLjsiLf6cE/s865/1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="623" data-original-width="865" height="288" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSvhifWWRLllQ6dgj5dr2xNFTuxI9EWIm-Uh_btXw-LzdEoU0eVZTv1-uVSyyh1XwnzIyioUmka_AXCkdd2WURlrhtCjiKmG5pOkXod84flT6bJwCo9JxfMx18BJS8h_fD4RPLjsiLf6cE/w400-h288/1.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Counting all the "different" stamps (so counting Germany as one, but for example a souvenir sheet of four different stamps as four) there are 84<span style="color: #ffa400;">+3</span> of them. </li><li>So on average there are two stamps from every country, but in fact just eight<span style="color: #ffa400;">+1</span> of the 38<span style="color: #ffa400;">+2</span> countries issued more than one stamp. <span style="color: #ffa400;">Albania, </span>Bosnia and Herzegovina, Portugal, Romania and Vietnam issued two stamps, Guernsey and Uruguay issued four, Jersey issued seven and Lebanon issued a sheet with 20(!) different stamps.</li><li>Most countries issued sets or single stamps solely dedicated to Beethoven, but Gibraltar, KEP and Moldova all issued one stamp in a bigger set about anniversaries. </li><li>Unfortunately many of the stamps are not very creative. 20<span style="color: #ffa400;">+1</span> of the 38<span style="color: #ffa400;">+2</span> postal administrations used the famous portrait of Joseph Karl Stieler on at least one of their stamps. Some countries like the Faroe Islands, Germany and Israel reimagined the portrait, but others like Brazil, Hungary and Portugal just used the plain portrait and added country name, face value and a few other words. Many countries however used completely different images and especially in bigger sets like those from Guernsey and Jersey multiple portraits are used. </li><li>16<span style="color: #ffa400;">+1</span> of the 38<span style="color: #ffa400;">+2</span> postal administrations used the official logo of the jubilee year on their stamps: BTHVN 2020. </li></ul><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2xBop8rm3t79q7P_qlU96rNTJIVpIhXd8WbBvHljErFQed4hJoSRc5gS_bHEve8nAdCGzs9WR_2ldxhuOpXTYEQPBknrKD2IRZU4eFa4zzt2O-q3HTo2EagzqeRtkKgPMJFhs79BBq8J9/s483/2.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="483" data-original-width="369" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2xBop8rm3t79q7P_qlU96rNTJIVpIhXd8WbBvHljErFQed4hJoSRc5gS_bHEve8nAdCGzs9WR_2ldxhuOpXTYEQPBknrKD2IRZU4eFa4zzt2O-q3HTo2EagzqeRtkKgPMJFhs79BBq8J9/w244-h320/2.jpg" width="244" /></a></div><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>As I had already written, Guernsey issued four stamps, but they were not issued at once, but on different dates in the course of the year. This issue format was apparently quite popular, as they are doing the same now of the Royal British Legion this year. When the last stamp was issued, all four became however also available in a combined souvenir sheet. </li><li>The stamps from Jersey are advertised as "Award-Winning Stamp Issue", as they "were a winning entry in Communication Arts magazine's 61st annual design competition, a prestigious international competition showcasing the best in visual communications."</li><li>The issue from Spain takes the form of a vinyl disc and can actually be listened to. It reproduces Symphony No. 5 in C minor, Op. 67 performed by the Madrid Festival Orchestra.</li><li>You can read a very nice review of the Israeli stamp on the Israel Stamp Review blog (click <a href="https://stampreviews.blogspot.com/2021/02/stamp-review-ludwig-van-beethoven-250.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #fcff01;">here</span></a>).</li><li>Since the Reformation Jubilee in 2017 I have not tried to collect all the international stamps about any of Big Jubilees, but only got a few selected issues. In my collection for Beethoven I only have the stamps from Austria, France, Germany, Israel, Macau and Portugal, but I still hope to get the ones from Poland and the Vatican later on.</li><li>Of all the Beethoven stamps issued in 2020 my favourite comes from France. It might not be the best designed issue, but I think it is nicely straight forward and decent and on the other hand also much more creative than others and has a great golden touch. </li></ul><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh24QJwWUObpz3qviMWxBQo7G14YpsxI0E9WM2TXLdwnCnUXV6seV6MKIrbDnN6KFPTec8ruClFE2PN61CbQ6OsfRz3ybYZ40lMVkHc67g5GE8L17MooxeIr02vdbB24rtZK7oViI0JCStW/s675/3.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="508" data-original-width="675" height="301" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh24QJwWUObpz3qviMWxBQo7G14YpsxI0E9WM2TXLdwnCnUXV6seV6MKIrbDnN6KFPTec8ruClFE2PN61CbQ6OsfRz3ybYZ40lMVkHc67g5GE8L17MooxeIr02vdbB24rtZK7oViI0JCStW/w400-h301/3.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">This was definitely not the deepest dive into history or philately, but I had fun writing this small article. Although it is already March, I still have not seen anything that hints at a Big Jubilee in 2021. Themes for which I have seen at least two announced stamp issues include Dürer, Insulin, Kepler and Stanislaw Lem. Napoleon will get stamps from France, Italy and Saint Helena and both for Napoleon and Dante some more might be announced later on. However I think that there might be something bigger that I have not yet spotted. </div><p></p>dustin15http://www.blogger.com/profile/12015554128978899257noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6937716955495315572.post-47227872847005886812021-01-31T18:28:00.001+01:002021-01-31T18:28:10.187+01:00My Favourite History Stamps of 2020<p>Last month I promised you a list of my favourite history stamps issued in 2020. This is the list I came up with at the end of December:</p><p></p><ol style="text-align: left;"><li>Women of the Reformation (Germany)</li><li>Robert Schuman (Spain)</li><li>Poles rescuing Jews - Edward Raczynski (Poland)</li><li>Treasures of German Museums (Germany)</li><li>Women's Suffrage (USA)</li><li>800 years Faculty of Medicine in Montpellier (France)</li><li>75 years AM-Postmarken (Germany)</li><li>Olympe de Gouges (France)</li><li>50 years first Satellite (China)</li><li>Battles of Thermopylae and Salamis (Greece)</li><li>Les Grandes Heures de l'Historie de France (France)</li><li>Centenary of the Carinthian Plebiscite (Austria)</li><li><i>Roman Britain (United Kingdom)</i></li><li>250th birth anniversary of Ludwig van Beethoven (France)</li><li>75 years Peace (Norway)</li></ol><div>Well, I do not like this list, I did not really like it back then and still do not like it now. First of all this actually can not be the final list, as I still not have the Roman Britain set (my order is travelled for over a month) and the golden rule is that I only include stamps in such favourite lists that I got during the year. So in fact the list has a gap and I do not know how to fill it. Also when I made the list in 2019, I did so to honour some stamps that I did not manage to include in <a href="https://stampcollectionatdustin.blogspot.com/p/my-favourite-stamps-2014.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #fcff01;">my main list</span></a>. This list however is different, as I made it completely seperately and that is not what I wanted. Furthermore I have no real connection to most of these stamps and that is again something that is important for me when I make such lists. Many of the stamps on the list I could exchange against other equally good issues with problems. Especially the first place had some serious contenders and also the last places were not very obvious. Just like Roman Britain there were some other issues that would deserve to be listed, but which I can not list, as I did not get them on time. So finally I decided to rework the list and present you a much shorter version here. Enjoy!</div><div><br /></div><div><b>8. 250th Birth Anniversary of Ludwig van Beethoven (France)</b></div><div>Beethoven was the big anniversary of the year and while I did not try to collect all stamps for the theme, I still tried to make a list of them and collected a few. The stamp from France is my favourite of these and soon I plan to post a review of all of them.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4IE7DLo_hEwYRq8eybeus4pa9k660nw-A3Gb9LgbB4p1rogZzrsxYSc7EIRg2Kgl_B0U4z-Dfyq0_llou8NIvebpumPYMcw82ukuOCVogjhOhrgaYR9CIVA_BjSA5zrIU0dEYVfwPvvr5/s614/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="614" data-original-width="585" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4IE7DLo_hEwYRq8eybeus4pa9k660nw-A3Gb9LgbB4p1rogZzrsxYSc7EIRg2Kgl_B0U4z-Dfyq0_llou8NIvebpumPYMcw82ukuOCVogjhOhrgaYR9CIVA_BjSA5zrIU0dEYVfwPvvr5/s320/1.jpg" /></a></div><div><br /></div><b>7. Les Grandes Heures de l'Historie de France (France)</b><div>This series is now issued for some years and I never really took notice of them, although now that I saw this one, I have also checked out the last issues. In real life this sheet looks even better, but also digitally you can enjoy the beautiful design based on the Bayeux Tapestry. However it is not the overall theme of the sheet, Matilda of Flanders and William the Conqueror, but two of the smaller details. First there are the small animals at the borders that remind me of a seminar about Animals in the Middle Ages I attended at the university when somethig like that was still possible and second there are the men cutting trees. Have you ever expected to see Medieval men cutting trees on a stamp? I did not. Later this year I hope to make clear to you, why this fascinates me.</div><div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXbOOZlYjAe5Q1vu1ee4FyJDlYgcHvd4W5F-Hc7E1ZIkmZkmI8NJwZdAKkUeEaQz07tKxFso1HQLT5zcFEpmVS5FwXl_cIHxx_spfspEEftSilqKS8tm6ayXgZKdZX0Y1j1cmi464eZWUo/s1704/2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1259" data-original-width="1704" height="295" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXbOOZlYjAe5Q1vu1ee4FyJDlYgcHvd4W5F-Hc7E1ZIkmZkmI8NJwZdAKkUeEaQz07tKxFso1HQLT5zcFEpmVS5FwXl_cIHxx_spfspEEftSilqKS8tm6ayXgZKdZX0Y1j1cmi464eZWUo/w400-h295/2.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div><b>6. Centenary of the Chinese Translation of Das Kapital (China)</b></div><div>Chinese History and especially Chinese-European connections were among the themes that interested me very much last year and also I always like Germans on Foreign Stamps. This one got all of these. In the initial list it was not included, as I did to thought it would reach me before the year was over, but it did.</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpejl-jKobo1NCmAvSBTMjOthbpVr8ViaipUHDk-YeNPW5mZrIF1J2-2RCHjCl8LTB1Rr-PlyoweadxYiFX6TItCU-hUVTOcxwqBUpFKlUv2hYjrQgC08iu2ZAqHmmAJBE8CRCdo4AhBUk/s600/3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="358" data-original-width="600" height="239" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpejl-jKobo1NCmAvSBTMjOthbpVr8ViaipUHDk-YeNPW5mZrIF1J2-2RCHjCl8LTB1Rr-PlyoweadxYiFX6TItCU-hUVTOcxwqBUpFKlUv2hYjrQgC08iu2ZAqHmmAJBE8CRCdo4AhBUk/w400-h239/3.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div><br /></div><b>5. 75 years AM-Postmarken (Germany)</b></div><div>This one is an issue of local interest. First printed in Washington D.C. and London, a later version of them was also printed here in Braunschweig. Unfortunately no special postmark was available here, but I got it cancelled with a date postmark beside the First Day Special Postmark from Berlin. Also I think this is the first stamps of the Allied Occupation that is honoured on a German stamp.</div><div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4cd0-E1NDzCYpsKw32kDjh9-MTGYT8rTs6FHtks9JXooRnufA97UwcI3c7U25gbLt6wjpu26bt8MgJ82LauqrxtBZj1e5o3N4UH1zvi5yzHgSfWdwuHBDRWbhX4A8v6ILFLG8xGyf7scY/s895/4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="895" data-original-width="868" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4cd0-E1NDzCYpsKw32kDjh9-MTGYT8rTs6FHtks9JXooRnufA97UwcI3c7U25gbLt6wjpu26bt8MgJ82LauqrxtBZj1e5o3N4UH1zvi5yzHgSfWdwuHBDRWbhX4A8v6ILFLG8xGyf7scY/s320/4.jpg" /></a></div><div><br /></div><b>4. Centenary of the Women's Suffrage in the USA (USA)</b></div><div>Just like the Chinese stamp this is not really European history, but in an election year where hope is reborn this is actually a nice selection.</div><div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgn0EYfGrGwjREeUgBgzPSto9SgahlbOJ5liwaRvDUSMivGRZ6AW7k8PryEZz8fxhdqZBqF4jScgdmAzn73Mb7qvIgfJf8PiySSUfY9KO17mNH5Lj13DZFLxgG33BwkhufU6WSXD0pI588E/s610/5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="487" data-original-width="610" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgn0EYfGrGwjREeUgBgzPSto9SgahlbOJ5liwaRvDUSMivGRZ6AW7k8PryEZz8fxhdqZBqF4jScgdmAzn73Mb7qvIgfJf8PiySSUfY9KO17mNH5Lj13DZFLxgG33BwkhufU6WSXD0pI588E/s320/5.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div><br /></div><b>3. Treasures of German Museums (Germany)</b></div><div>Like I had already mentioned in the last post, German museums were closed for a long time in 2020 (four months plus January 2021) and at the moment it is still not foreseeable when they are allowed to reopen. However in the remaining eight months, I managed to visit some interesting museums and exhibitions. I especially liked the Museum am Rothenbaum in Hamburg, the House of the Bavarian History in Regensburg, the Rubens exhibition in Paderborn and the Pilgrimage exhibition in Lüneburg. The first museum I visited in 2020 was the Kunsthalle Bremen, because a painting from there was shown on the last stamp in the series Treasures from German Museums. This painting by Vincent van Gogh was actually not shown when I was there, as the complete permanent exhibition was under construction. I actually thought about another visit in summer, but the virus prevented me from doing so. Maybe this year.</div><div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhp3lUmBNeon8C58zsbn-VEHr2Qs0jXOIkSLgww7WedLnIcOKlE5TunpwrPMSwc3oJ3doRdipeeOyCEbpqJ9pPEuHVBvUgeENX0S0Tp-J57Pj29iXmGhuvxmY1MGjiF0z7zjaLfM4Wj-WBz/s850/6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="627" data-original-width="850" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhp3lUmBNeon8C58zsbn-VEHr2Qs0jXOIkSLgww7WedLnIcOKlE5TunpwrPMSwc3oJ3doRdipeeOyCEbpqJ9pPEuHVBvUgeENX0S0Tp-J57Pj29iXmGhuvxmY1MGjiF0z7zjaLfM4Wj-WBz/s320/6.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div><br /></div><b>2. Edward Raczynski (Poland)</b></div><div>This stamp I think is very interesting. Edward Raczynski was a Polish politician, diplomat of the Polish Government in Exile during World War II and President of Poland in exile between 1979 and 1986. This stamp from the series Poles Rescuing Jews commemorates his Note of 1942, the first official and a very accurate report on the Holocaust to inform the Western public about these crimes. Just like the Polish Underground State this is a theme I want to do some more research about. </div><div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijP5tZ8gt_SWHK61ImUNapLxHXK9TazuR6Qyme7sFkGnyJ748sKnR__f51lxYxP8kDu4NYwlT9EDr1ymL08JAzi3JotoHeKG2_CcAISpvDYuf4Nuy4zjGjro8QFVpd9r22qYryqrTEx69L/s483/7.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="483" data-original-width="382" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijP5tZ8gt_SWHK61ImUNapLxHXK9TazuR6Qyme7sFkGnyJ748sKnR__f51lxYxP8kDu4NYwlT9EDr1ymL08JAzi3JotoHeKG2_CcAISpvDYuf4Nuy4zjGjro8QFVpd9r22qYryqrTEx69L/s320/7.jpg" /></a></div><div><br /></div><b>Honourable Mention: Brexit (Austria)</b></div><div>With closed museums, cancelled events and postponed books 2020 was not a good year to remember history, but on the other side it was a year that will definitely go down in history. Beside the omnipresent Covid-19 pandemic the year also saw the Brexit. Covid-19 stamps there were so many that I did not want to choose just one of them for a Honourable Mention (will do a whole post about them in March), but the Brexit just got this one. A very interesting stamp!</div><div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAD36YqHT767avIniWyrJIHPybwKq2Cedo34T9IJlzb2VDqoJ5dtxUVnGDm7IcEqzGHQwkVtg5iwdLvkMXG22KbnrGg9SlgweJaBJX5R8o4XfCGBlBKEp5pUZuL5HATPDWUwBUBgs5MXTQ/s772/8.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="640" data-original-width="772" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAD36YqHT767avIniWyrJIHPybwKq2Cedo34T9IJlzb2VDqoJ5dtxUVnGDm7IcEqzGHQwkVtg5iwdLvkMXG22KbnrGg9SlgweJaBJX5R8o4XfCGBlBKEp5pUZuL5HATPDWUwBUBgs5MXTQ/s320/8.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div><br /></div><b>1. Robert Schuman (Spain)</b></div><div>When I first saw this stamp, I wondered how the stars are supposed to form a map of Europa. It took a moment until I noticed that it is actually a portrait of Robert Schuman. I really like the design of this stamp, which is said to be the start of a new series about the Founding Figures of the European Union. imitating a cube. Really looking forward to see Konrad Adenauer and the others on stamps like this.</div><div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwQKmu2Qom9khdkeEP704W4kCITER5UfOFaAwKi5zwbANxDQLeGz1aqtSaRYz8HoQtLtNLXQABDJUE8tWxfnjGCziR2v2OvUCE0orVqzISSHJCFpWxYNqlKoW0wT-ta2tVdTt9kbA30jB2/s483/9.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="483" data-original-width="432" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwQKmu2Qom9khdkeEP704W4kCITER5UfOFaAwKi5zwbANxDQLeGz1aqtSaRYz8HoQtLtNLXQABDJUE8tWxfnjGCziR2v2OvUCE0orVqzISSHJCFpWxYNqlKoW0wT-ta2tVdTt9kbA30jB2/s320/9.jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">As you can see the first place was actually supposed to go to the Women of the Refomation, but honestly that stamp does not deserve the inclusion. I like the theme, but the design was horrible and the face value way too high.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b>What were your favourites?</b></div><p></p></div>dustin15http://www.blogger.com/profile/12015554128978899257noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6937716955495315572.post-23339481707379062702020-12-31T16:34:00.004+01:002021-01-03T13:16:53.135+01:00Outlook of 2021Actually I wanted to post my list of My Favourite History Stamps of 2020 first, but as that one needs a bit more preparation, I now prepone this outlook of the next year. As stamps are the backbone of this blog, let's look first at some that are planned for the next year.<div><br /></div><div>The German stamp programme for 2021 currently lists 53 stamps. Six of these are of special interest for this part of my collection. Issued in February for example will be two stamps about the 150th birthday of Friedrich Ebert and 1700 years of recorded Jewish Life in Germany. At first I was not very interested in the second stamp, but since I know that it will commemorate a specific event, I am excited. Currently I plan a post about it, so I do not want to write too much about it now. The next issues will celebrate the Birth Centenary of Sophie Scholl in May, the Centenary of the AVUS in July and the 500th anniversary of Augsburg's Fuggerei in August. At least for Sophie Scholl I plan a post, but currently I do not know how it will look like. Also I still try to find an answer, why Sophie now already gets the third stamp, while her brother Hans have not got any yet. The last stamp I want to mention here will be issued in November and commemorates without any anniversary Robert Blum, who definitely deserves to be finally shown on a stamp. A jubilee I really miss in this programme is the 150th anniversary of the Proclamation of the German Empire. I also plan a post why it maybe was omitted. </div><div><br /></div><div>Austria also plans some interesting stamps for the next year. These for example include the Centenary of the Burgenland, the 50th anniversary of Diplomatic Relations with China and Climate Change. The real highlight however will already be issued in January. A stamp will honour the Frankfurt Kitchen and a post for this one will follow for sure, so again I do not want write too much about it yet. </div><div><br /></div><div>France so far only published the first half of its programme, but the most important stamp is already included in these first six months. On 17th April a stamp for the 200th death anniversary of Napoleon will be issued, which is definitely among the stamps that I am most looking forward to. Other issues include for example Madeleine Brès, Simone de Beauvoir and the Gaul hillfort Bibracte. </div><div><br /></div><div>Among various actors and singers also Italy will issue a stamp about Napoleon. This is currently the only European jubilee for which I saw stamps planned by more than one country. Other issues of Italy include the 1600th birthday of Venice and the 450th anniversary of the Battle of Lepanto. However also Italy so far just published the first half of its programme. An issue which should be expected in the second half of the year is the 700th death anniversary of Dante Alighieri, which will also be honoured by a Vatican issue next year. </div><div><br /></div><div>Thinking outside the European box shows that the USA currently only have one anniversary issue in their programme about the Bicentenary of Missouri Statehood. History themed stamps about Chien-Shiung Wu and Japanese American Soldiers of WWII are however also planned without anniversary. A Chinese jubilee to look forward to is the Centenary of the Communist Party, while no stamp about the 650th birthday of Zheng He is planned.</div><div><br /></div><div>My list of jubilees that I will include in the page above in the next days so currently looks like this:</div><div>100th birthday of Friedrich Dürrenmatt</div><div>100th birthday of Sophie Scholl</div><div>100th birthday of Stanislaw Lem</div><div>100 years Burgenland</div><div>100 years Communist Party of China</div><div>100 years Discovery of Insulin</div><div>150th birthday of Friedrich Ebert</div><div>150 years Proclamation of the German Empire</div><div>200th death anniversary of Napoleon</div><div>200 years Beginning of the Greek Revolution </div><div>200 years Congress of Laibach</div><div>300 years End of the Great Northern War</div><div>450th birthday of Caravaggio</div><div>450th birthday of Johannes Kepler</div><div>450 years Battle of Lepanto</div><div>500 years Diet of Worms</div><div>500 years Fuggerei in Augsburg</div><div>550th birthday of Albrecht Dürer</div><div>650th birthday of Zheng He</div><div>700th death anniversary of Dante Alighieri</div><div>750 years Beginning of Marco Polo's Journey</div><div>1600 years Venice</div><div>1700 years Jewish Life in Germany</div><div>1900th birthday of Marcus Aurelius</div><div><br /></div><div>Unlike in recent years 2021 does not offer a BIG jubilee, however there might be one which is not on my radar yet or maybe more countries decide to issue stamps for example for Dante or Napoleon. If you think I missed one please post a comment.</div><div><br /></div><div>During 2020 German museums were closed for more than three months (mid-March until early May, since November until ???). Nonetheless I still visited some new museums and interesting exhibitions, but the excitement for next year is even bigger. Unfortunately however I think it is quite hard to find comprehensive information about upcoming exhibitions here in Germany, so these are just a few selected exhibitions I am looking forward to:</div><div>The Herzog Anton Ulrich Museum here in Braunschweig will show in March an exhibition about the Silver Furniture of the Welfs, which are currently here as a loan from the Marienburg Castle. Later a exhibition will deal with the early life of Max Beckmann. The two big museums in nearby Hildesheim, the Cathedral Museum and the Roemer and Pelizaeus Museum, will deal with nunneries and epidemics and the Lower Saxony State Museum in Hanover is supposed to show an exhibition about dinosaurs in movies, which was actually planned to open this month, which now however is postponed, as the museums are still closed. After Fascination City in 2019 the Cultural History Museum in Magdeburg again prepares for a big medieval exhibition, about the Premonstratensians this time. Some rather faraway exhibitions I would love to visit are about the Silk Road (Museum am Rothenbaum in Hamburg), Gothic art (Berlin) and the Nebra Sky Disk (Halle State Museum of Prehistory). The one big exhibition I wanted to visit this year however, Krieg Macht Nation in Dresden, I could not visit, so I am not very hopeful that these will work. Interesting is also the reopening of the Prussian Museum in Minden and an exhibition about the Diet of Worms in Worms. Currently shown in the Netherlands, the Baden State Museum in Karlsruhe will later also show an exhibition about women in Jugendstil art, but as that one will be shown here in Braunschweig in 2022, I will wait. </div><div><br /></div><div>Last but not least next year also the new preselected sites for the European Heritage Label 2022 should be announced this year. As far as I know Finland already preselected the Seminaarinmäki in Jyväskylä and Germany chose Fulda and the Oderbruch, but only one of these can get the label.</div><div><br /></div><div>What did I miss? What are you looking forward to in 2021? </div>dustin15http://www.blogger.com/profile/12015554128978899257noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6937716955495315572.post-902562277571477022020-11-22T15:54:00.008+01:002020-11-22T15:56:17.197+01:00A PDF Today<p>I had already written it on my main blog, but here again: I HATE the new Blogger. Nothing works as it should, so instead of getting a normal post here you get a</p><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1WT_AreM9Lb7rON4yJq8nfWymzZ6JOgg3/view?usp=drivesdk"><span style="color: #fcff01;">PDF</span></a></p><p style="text-align: left;">Check it out to see what it is about. ;)</p><p style="text-align: left;">However here is a small hint:</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwxiglhwB8aOe-qs3d3xzFLR_xfcZs4N6ijd1Py8djrcQ4kR8Dq0nR-IlfHQuZRJiY0ySlsXAHu8WeUaHw1tfx3EvKi156e3ZLstAwIDfxg71ESiAaP8wfqATBaimFxSrrvPQ9cXV3Usc7/s1786/9+Scandinavia+3+Peace.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="838" data-original-width="1786" height="188" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwxiglhwB8aOe-qs3d3xzFLR_xfcZs4N6ijd1Py8djrcQ4kR8Dq0nR-IlfHQuZRJiY0ySlsXAHu8WeUaHw1tfx3EvKi156e3ZLstAwIDfxg71ESiAaP8wfqATBaimFxSrrvPQ9cXV3Usc7/w400-h188/9+Scandinavia+3+Peace.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>dustin15http://www.blogger.com/profile/12015554128978899257noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6937716955495315572.post-24655090438130900082020-10-11T12:56:00.002+02:002020-10-11T14:29:19.726+02:00Some Recent Stamps<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Actually I was hoping to be more active on this blog this year, but other tasks prevented me from doing so. If you also follow my other blogs you will have noticed that I am also not very active there. However for this blog I am currently working on the post about World War II that I had promised earlier this year. Also I finally found a good book about European History that I am currently working through (1/4 finished). Nonetheless here are a few history themed stamps that I got in the past few weeks and that I really think deserve this short post. None of these have so far been shown on my main blog.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Let's start with this stamp from Germany. Some of you might remember that back in 2017 I wrote a post series about the Reformation. It was back then when I still had time and leisure for something like that. Although I later merged most of the posts, I still enjoy the theme and I am still happy for every new stamp about it. A stamp called Frauen der Reformation (Women of the Reformation) was thus an issue I was really looking forward to, especially as not many women appeared in my post series. Katharina von Bora, the wife of Martin Luther, was the only one to get an independent post (now part of Proponents of the Lutheran Reformation) and Elisabeth of Brandenburg, Duchess consort of Brunswick-Göttingen-Calenberg, was mentioned in The Reformation in Lower Saxony. I was really looking forward to get to know other strong and powerful women of the time through this stamp issue. Unfortunately however it disappointed me three times. At first there was the value. Personally I think 3,7€ is way too much to really enjoy a stamp. Next came the design. While claiming to celebrate the strong and powerful, the three women look more like alien handmaids from Gilead. Is it just me or do they look like Elisabeth Moss? Finally there was also the treatment of the issue. For the jubilee issue in 2017 and the Zwingli stamp last year there were multiple special postmarks available officially planned and designed. For this stamp there were none. Still I think this is an interesting and important issue and I am happy that not only Katharina von Bora is the focus of the stamp. If you want to know more about this theme there is a complete German website about the Frauen der Reformation with many profiles of many women who used their new possibilities and especially their necessity to read. Three names you could search for for example are Elisabeth von Rochlitz, Argula von Grumbach and Katharina Zell.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbAFT23N2e-eXNln3BwUniU-H2XShmtmIpDMHmwCI6nj2v2mWw_Wfcb_c1Fn6EfcZTwMtptufsjuOhGsr4uuveOh2p2R80Z6G9DP0E48XYVdC5OA467I3ePAJvhTlEoJW2ruQbAAviLrL2/s701/1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="701" data-original-width="482" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbAFT23N2e-eXNln3BwUniU-H2XShmtmIpDMHmwCI6nj2v2mWw_Wfcb_c1Fn6EfcZTwMtptufsjuOhGsr4uuveOh2p2R80Z6G9DP0E48XYVdC5OA467I3ePAJvhTlEoJW2ruQbAAviLrL2/s320/1.jpg" /></a></div><div><br /></div>2020 I think was going to be the year of Beethoven, but we all know that it came different. Many countries still issued stamps for the jubilee, but it took until October for me to get my second one after the German stamp. It is this one from Austria. While it shows the same potrait shown on so many other stamps, it becomes more interesting due to the silver text. Among the pages above you can find a complete list of Beethoven stamps of this year. <div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuwUQtN6EsX33AFynUj3-Tyh1GQNbbAk2CPdneOGKAq03o37nfX0-b9xc6Hs19qGsA2cgRTaAke_P7HW6pbrOVGDmgbXlPO-KtKG_zGLopDVZWp_1FTkmCyhlafioJUKGnk3Vq1U5FvQ-M/s829/2.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="732" data-original-width="829" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuwUQtN6EsX33AFynUj3-Tyh1GQNbbAk2CPdneOGKAq03o37nfX0-b9xc6Hs19qGsA2cgRTaAke_P7HW6pbrOVGDmgbXlPO-KtKG_zGLopDVZWp_1FTkmCyhlafioJUKGnk3Vq1U5FvQ-M/s320/2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div><br /></div>Next is this interesting stamp from France celebrating the oldest faculty of medicine in the World in Montpellier. The prestigous university was especially famous for its arguments about the Black Death in the 14th century, a theme of real interest during the current time. Famous students include for example Guy de Chauliac and Nostradamus. Shown on the stamp are two other famous students: François Gigot de la Peyronie, first-surgeon to King Louis XV, and Paul Joseph Barthez, an editor and contributor to several entries in the Encyclopédie of Denis Diderot and d’Alembert. I really like this stamp!</div><div><br /></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0Ln4MxrP2sukjvPTRNrylnMr-thyphenhyphenzLHTRBVBIJDhGWuMB_fnNdAvDqjk6mnOo_UX1UkEGexoKweRy1vYXxdiAUD9Vdi_VLCmifooCWnILVw5Ok0ZtLbpZUAnQHABuzlb0-eOJfjjvFmzd/s735/3.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="322" data-original-width="735" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0Ln4MxrP2sukjvPTRNrylnMr-thyphenhyphenzLHTRBVBIJDhGWuMB_fnNdAvDqjk6mnOo_UX1UkEGexoKweRy1vYXxdiAUD9Vdi_VLCmifooCWnILVw5Ok0ZtLbpZUAnQHABuzlb0-eOJfjjvFmzd/s320/3.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br />Women's Suffrage is an interesting theme to collect with many new stamps issued at the moment. The latest one comes from the USA. As I am thinking about a whole post about the theme, I do want to show the stamp yet, but here is an interesting postmark I got recently. It honours Harry T. Burn from Tennessee, who is best known for his action taken to ratify the Nineteenth Amendment. I will include him if I write a post about women's suffrage, but you should check him out. I think he is quite interesting.</div><div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUsSBoYxlmEcQtlnK93mL51FVL04wvrXIAd7E_iRpjmsnS-W8fkI8YtDmvt3NOMD0goSWwH6gCtZ1lGLj6a64K78z56x8PMQF36ZFGiF6EMJsHhptWV1hxp_odn36xkItfRajYPiaTR5bW/s1151/4.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="809" data-original-width="1151" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUsSBoYxlmEcQtlnK93mL51FVL04wvrXIAd7E_iRpjmsnS-W8fkI8YtDmvt3NOMD0goSWwH6gCtZ1lGLj6a64K78z56x8PMQF36ZFGiF6EMJsHhptWV1hxp_odn36xkItfRajYPiaTR5bW/s320/4.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div><br /></div>Last but not least is this postmark from Germany about the European Heritage Label. Although I have some stamps and postmarks about the sites, this is the first philatelic souvenir directly mentioning the label.</div><div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmgwcPFuhGvSeYGnTfj883aoyYGfVDUpWmFDrW13mB73rWsViEs7qjJr9pgXUXuhduPMcfVEqsTJPTw2iFR7sqVxp1UBlHMBl6cF1LJGsmym7Wp_htazIrVbqvUlGRpud5aWfIKo1oVWpR/s824/5.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="414" data-original-width="824" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmgwcPFuhGvSeYGnTfj883aoyYGfVDUpWmFDrW13mB73rWsViEs7qjJr9pgXUXuhduPMcfVEqsTJPTw2iFR7sqVxp1UBlHMBl6cF1LJGsmym7Wp_htazIrVbqvUlGRpud5aWfIKo1oVWpR/s320/5.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p></p></div>dustin15http://www.blogger.com/profile/12015554128978899257noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6937716955495315572.post-4609510265193365192020-06-03T13:44:00.001+02:002020-06-03T14:04:39.021+02:00The Baron of the Lies<div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
Lower Saxony is home to at least three World famous literary figures: Till Eulenspiegel, the Pied Piper of Hamelin and Baron Munchhausen. While all three most likely have real historic roots, we know it for sure only for the last one. As his historic model would have turned 300 this year, let's discover the life of Hieronymus Carl Friedrich Freiherr von Münchhausen, the man behind the fantastic tall tales. </div>
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Baron Munchhausen was born on 11th May 1720 in the small town of Bodenwerder. In his youth he went to Wolfenbüttel and became the page of Duke Anthony Ulrich of Brunswick, who later was generalissimus of the Army of Russia and husband of Anna Leopoldovna, who reigned as regent of Russia for one year. In 1738 he followed his master to Russia, where he most likely fought in the Russo-Turkish War and the Russo-Swedish War. His troops were stationed in Riga and it is said that in the small Latvian town of Dunte he first told his tall tales. In Dunte he also met his first wife. In 1750 they returned to Bodenwerder. There he lived the life of a country gentleman and told his stories to his visitors. However he never wrote them down and was actually even terrified when Rudolf Erich Raspe and Gottfried August Bürger published them anonymously, as he was so much exaggerated that he went down in history as Baron of the Lies. Furthermore his last years were also overshadowed by the death of his first wife in 1790, his unfortunate second marriage and the financial ruin after the following divorce. Hieronymus Carl Friedrich Freiherr von Münchhausen died on 22nd February 1797. Both in Bodenwerder and Dunte there are museums about his life. </div>
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Over the years Baron Munchhausen appeared on some international stamps. To commemorate this year's birthday a new German stamp was issued on 7th May 2020. You can see the new stamp on my new blog about <a href="https://childhoodheroesonstamps.blogspot.com/p/introduction.html"><span style="color: yellow;">Childhood Heroes on Stamps</span></a>. Using the label "**Literary Figures from Lower Saxony" you can also find stamps of Eulenspiegel and the Pied Piper. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6US8EUVkDE36xavqOes2zAeqPMxmHxTZsbgmLt1kI9DitRPn7oKdCg7REnS6PEsE5Yi-bOBpfPs5ivkSrpcD8JBUEM2IzOd0ACaGJtjkuh6b3-pX_J9Xrz6m66NQyGRvrA5XrCLjSbfv0/s1600/1970+Germany+Munchhausen.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="337" data-original-width="398" height="270" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6US8EUVkDE36xavqOes2zAeqPMxmHxTZsbgmLt1kI9DitRPn7oKdCg7REnS6PEsE5Yi-bOBpfPs5ivkSrpcD8JBUEM2IzOd0ACaGJtjkuh6b3-pX_J9Xrz6m66NQyGRvrA5XrCLjSbfv0/s320/1970+Germany+Munchhausen.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">German Stamp from 1970</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghUckK0SmRZ9jbbfBRsBXrWeit7brxifltTrAAjWulXQYctF2coG4t0frRULabcI0LC9PPJFNTfo-i5sv5NuiT2nSemLoMREAIhSTbl3aK3ZPj7rDW_xfpcmi07S3_DaHJ7kv7moLiIBgV/s1600/2005+Latvia+Munchhausen.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="602" data-original-width="441" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghUckK0SmRZ9jbbfBRsBXrWeit7brxifltTrAAjWulXQYctF2coG4t0frRULabcI0LC9PPJFNTfo-i5sv5NuiT2nSemLoMREAIhSTbl3aK3ZPj7rDW_xfpcmi07S3_DaHJ7kv7moLiIBgV/s400/2005+Latvia+Munchhausen.jpg" width="292" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Latvian Stamp from 2005</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1Q_3nOs-XS8N_fYu3gC-u1q9RRnjQD4d-mHqMsYz1Pjmvp-XweFWk6dpqyXy2V3xhwJMvFj5y2pAqutaT8iIpveYrlW2ihyphenhyphenUa4TX-SoyD7TNioxqIY1LNcpT3ZIgxR8HfSYxbdnzPHH19/s1600/2012+Liechtenstein+klassische+Literatur.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="227" data-original-width="293" height="246" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1Q_3nOs-XS8N_fYu3gC-u1q9RRnjQD4d-mHqMsYz1Pjmvp-XweFWk6dpqyXy2V3xhwJMvFj5y2pAqutaT8iIpveYrlW2ihyphenhyphenUa4TX-SoyD7TNioxqIY1LNcpT3ZIgxR8HfSYxbdnzPHH19/s320/2012+Liechtenstein+klassische+Literatur.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Liechtenstein Stamp from 2012 <br />
from a set about Figures of Classic Literature</td></tr>
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dustin15http://www.blogger.com/profile/12015554128978899257noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6937716955495315572.post-65961668028145542342020-05-24T10:38:00.000+02:002020-05-24T10:38:36.974+02:00The Hanseatic League - Narratives and Local Perspectives<div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
When I started this blog in July 2015, the <a href="https://theworldshistoryinpostcards.blogspot.com/2015/07/germany-hanseatic-league-and-its-queen.html"><span style="color: yellow;">second post</span></a> I wrote was about the Hanseatic League. Since then however I had plans to rewrite or expand this post and although there were two interested Hanseatic jubilees in the last two years, 800 years Rostock in 2018 and 350 years last Hanseatic Day in 2019, it took me until this year's jubilee (see below) to do so. But first let's take a look at what I wrote nearly five years ago:</div>
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<i>"The Hanseatic League existed between the 12th and the 17th century. First it was only a union of merchants, but since the 14th century it was organised by the cities itself. Since then also Hanseatic Days were held frequently. The Hanseatic League was not only an important factor in the development of the Northern European economy but also of its politics and culture. At its climax nearly 200 coastal and inland cities joined the league. In the 15th century the demise of the Hanseatic League began with the strengthening of the local sovereigns, the shift of trade route and the new competitors developing due to the discovery of America. In 1669 only the nine cities Braunschweig, Bremen, Cologne, Gdansk, Hamburg, Hildesheim, Lübeck, Osnabrück and Rostock came together for the last Hanseatic Day."</i></blockquote>
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Although some things might me improved here, I actually still like what I wrote back then and do not intend to change anything, but instead I want now to focus a bit on historic narratives about the Hanseatic League and some perspectives from different cities. </div>
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In Germany the Hanseatic League is usually rated as a positive aspect of history, but during the last 150 the reason for this has changed. From the 19th century up until the Nazis the Hanseatic League was regarded as a German entity or even precursor of the national state maintaining a powerful position in Northern Europa, which was for example added by fleet glory during the rule of Emperor William II or as carrier of the expansion of the German lebensraum in the East by the Nazis. After World War II that changed. In East Germany for example the Hanseatic League was now an example for the influence of the masses on the history, although even East German historians denied this view. In Scandinavia the view of the Hanseatic League was more negative, as it was regarded as an exploiter of the local people. This negativity however faded away and gave rise to a new narrative, which was also shared with West Germany. As such the Hanseatic League was now viewed as a precursor of a unified Europa. This change of view is nicely documented by a German-Swedish joint issue back in 2006 celebrating the 650th anniversary of the Hanseatic League of Cities and also German Chancellor Angela Merkel followed this narrative during a speech in 2015, during which she highlighted its role as "first big successful trade network in Europa" ("der erste große erfolgreiche Wirtschaftsverbund Europas"), long lifespan, transnational thinking and joint interests and also draws a continuity to the European Union and the central thought of strength through unity. As I actually like this narrative, I do not want to discuss it too much, but just two other thoughts show that this view is as fragile as any other. At first it has to be said, that there might be Hanseatic cities in Estonia, Iceland, Poland and so on, but they were only part of the Hanseatic League, because German merchants lived there, which makes them not really transnational. Also I want to quote one of my docents who once said in a seminary about the history of the Baltic states in the Middle Ages that the Hanseatic League was a "semi-criminal forwarding cartel bullying out other competitors." All of these narratives for sure have their true core and although it is not ideal I think everyone knows that in the end the loudest narrative will be prevalent.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_ScEQ-9Kj3XUTn6Pbu-_JIaHPVRcjYUbGb4wZVApKI4l1aeQ7WX79Pln1y93VH1nRtknGisudkzysAlLua_K0iDJCqMTODvCO3aYMUXyfGRsNJ_oMaj9gzROrJMf2IKZBn4M4XZQB09FK/s1600/1+FDC+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1135" data-original-width="1600" height="282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_ScEQ-9Kj3XUTn6Pbu-_JIaHPVRcjYUbGb4wZVApKI4l1aeQ7WX79Pln1y93VH1nRtknGisudkzysAlLua_K0iDJCqMTODvCO3aYMUXyfGRsNJ_oMaj9gzROrJMf2IKZBn4M4XZQB09FK/s400/1+FDC+1.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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So, if it is not easy to really examine what the Hanseatic League was in history as a whole it should be easier to take a look in its role in the history of its constitutent parts, the cities, right? This however brings up an interesting problem: There is no complete list of Hanseatic Cities and it probably never existed. Some cities were part of the league for centuries, while others were just short time members. For some the membership was an important part of the local identity and economic importance, while others had many different pillars. And also the membership in the Hanseatic League of New Time, founded in Zwolle in 1980, is not a good indicator, as it includes on request all cities that were once part of the original league. In theory this however means that some Hanseatic cities which never made a request are not part of it, while other cities which were short time members are now full members of the new league. Without claim to completeness below you can find nine cities and groups of cities which I chose to examine different aspects of Hanseatic history and identity.<br />
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The first four cities are Bergen in Norway, Bruges in Belgium, London in the United Kingdom and Veliky Novgorod in Russia. None of these cities was ever an actual Hanseatic city, but they played an important part in the Hanseatic history, as the were home to the major foreign trading posts of the league, the Kontore. Of these Kontore not much survived until today, as most of them were closed at some point in history and were later demolished. Only the Kontor in Bergen, known as Bryggen, survived and as a "reminder of the town's importance as part of the Hanseatic League's trading empire" it is even on the UNESCO World Heritage List.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiM-7ph_usMxMPy9HnZHVtGOmi8_rCvrp6vyFBf4PlnDpRbw7XCUB7ffTLfTJ4eOR44l0cMrPUbL67pZdJ-GfBLIgoeT5CFbgT96VeWnk6ixlTIkJXJeJHu7hTJJ1qEXf5_ZA-8k2Jd7dWO/s1600/2+Bergen.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1124" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiM-7ph_usMxMPy9HnZHVtGOmi8_rCvrp6vyFBf4PlnDpRbw7XCUB7ffTLfTJ4eOR44l0cMrPUbL67pZdJ-GfBLIgoeT5CFbgT96VeWnk6ixlTIkJXJeJHu7hTJJ1qEXf5_ZA-8k2Jd7dWO/s200/2+Bergen.jpg" width="140" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzcJ-MT9E_y-En8SMyDE0gCWurny_js4k90UdLHp0QWFrEBRMOr3PKzCWEO7Fc7BV_sj-plqpL5w2AT__tYV0kzGSg0CEyCb4XIVEvhdVvULlGTSWG5WFFAIiYkYa9ya6Ad0OOblYwt5TC/s1600/2+Br%25C3%25BCgge.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1126" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzcJ-MT9E_y-En8SMyDE0gCWurny_js4k90UdLHp0QWFrEBRMOr3PKzCWEO7Fc7BV_sj-plqpL5w2AT__tYV0kzGSg0CEyCb4XIVEvhdVvULlGTSWG5WFFAIiYkYa9ya6Ad0OOblYwt5TC/s200/2+Br%25C3%25BCgge.jpg" width="140" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEir4p4yKUyoUtZLiEZ6_lU-MNJ68jrY-nZ_n0V002OLD4x-lvee8zyY8UMFjg7jmdq8jfwMxaQ3-oiGrTs9tpeW56aqS2-r_TRcl58BH2YbQeQWdLUpfk2iXpnoEp8IGHN3U-3CsPRstdkx/s1600/2+London.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1126" data-original-width="1600" height="140" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEir4p4yKUyoUtZLiEZ6_lU-MNJ68jrY-nZ_n0V002OLD4x-lvee8zyY8UMFjg7jmdq8jfwMxaQ3-oiGrTs9tpeW56aqS2-r_TRcl58BH2YbQeQWdLUpfk2iXpnoEp8IGHN3U-3CsPRstdkx/s200/2+London.jpg" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiD3jPjcFf53Fr4ucgMOGYFRdWogehQpe3wdsg4VMTRz-Tx_p2T9Rcd3Fq4YWwLK-XdLyZknUCBJAOCYoZixd39T2-UyDlRhM3lpqCAVPaVtqrF8_-DDiAFNj7hKbldIVQbvVhBtrns59QI/s1600/2+Novgorod.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1131" data-original-width="1600" height="141" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiD3jPjcFf53Fr4ucgMOGYFRdWogehQpe3wdsg4VMTRz-Tx_p2T9Rcd3Fq4YWwLK-XdLyZknUCBJAOCYoZixd39T2-UyDlRhM3lpqCAVPaVtqrF8_-DDiAFNj7hKbldIVQbvVhBtrns59QI/s200/2+Novgorod.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
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The next city is Visby on the Swedish island of Gotland. Visby or actually Gotland as a whole was an important early step in the formation of the Hanseatic League, as this was one of the earliest stages and centres for the trade in the Baltic Sea. In the early days in the second half of the 13th century Visby was also on a good way to become the leader of the nascent league, but was neutralised by the later Queen. Just like the Bryggen also Visby is on the UNESCO World Heritage List. It is there described as "the best-preserved fortified commercial city in northern Europe" and the "main centre of the Hanseatic League in the Baltic from the 12th to the 14th century."<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitFXDRvhSv-FQ7Gy69DATQjT_5OaIEDE-W6447kGhYqCW1D-DTS8Gs7f3-VR_5Qh7M7Cn6WPyfYWzgKdAf8qCJlbRJJ8XLsWUD5b2FrtLCjGEwzD-FpLHtBtRn8Y53jrhBoR5wm-Fnp6di/s1600/3+Visby.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1115" data-original-width="1600" height="278" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitFXDRvhSv-FQ7Gy69DATQjT_5OaIEDE-W6447kGhYqCW1D-DTS8Gs7f3-VR_5Qh7M7Cn6WPyfYWzgKdAf8qCJlbRJJ8XLsWUD5b2FrtLCjGEwzD-FpLHtBtRn8Y53jrhBoR5wm-Fnp6di/s400/3+Visby.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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Stralsund and Wismar in the German State of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern are usually presented as a pair, as as such they are together on the UNESCO World Heritage List. Both were major trading centres of the Hanseatic League and also share the common fate of later becoming part of Sweden. As the UNESCO highlights, they also "contributed to the development of the characteristic building types and techniques of Brick Gothic in the Baltic region." After having visited Stralsund myself last year plus making a short stop in Wismar, I can say that the Brick Gothic architecture there is truely amazing. Highlights are the Town Hall of Stralsund and Stralsund's Saint Mary's Church, which was once even the tallest building in the World. Check out <a href="https://postcardsblogatdustin.blogspot.com/2019/06/my-trip-to-mecklenburg-vorpommern.html"><span style="color: yellow;">this post</span></a> on my other blog to see the cards I bought during this trip including many cards of Brick Gothic buildings. Stralsund is also inseparably linked to the Treaty of Stralsund, which was signed on this day 650 years ago in 1370 and which marked the peak of power of the Hanseatic League. This treaty ended the war between the Hanseatic League and the Kingdom of Denmark and assured the league of free trade in the entire Baltic Sea resulting in a monopoly on Baltic fish trade. Also now the league had a right to veto against Danish throne candidates. Unfortunately there was not (yet?) any philatelic commemoration of this jubilee. No stamp, prepaid cover or card and not even a special postmark were available. Only the magazin "Postfrisch" of the Deutsche Post published an article about the treaty in its most recent issue called "Triumph der Kaufleute" (Triumph of the Merchants). The article begins with the question, "who thought that merchants might defeat a kingdom?" and ends with a statement on its historic importance, which however was not much mentioned in contemporary sources of the 14th century.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbBSrei_csLIt0xwXS44cx_NEudUBLjtJW5N7UW80CKcwG7_-7gPPyE6332ksy82E24G8Xuha19bB6mMu3Uqvc040igflZJKAazOr5J_BAJMgUFy-vjmG7zo7_FRBYRzCjhXHnVov6GJ4W/s1600/4+Stralsund+und+Wismar+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1135" data-original-width="1600" height="141" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbBSrei_csLIt0xwXS44cx_NEudUBLjtJW5N7UW80CKcwG7_-7gPPyE6332ksy82E24G8Xuha19bB6mMu3Uqvc040igflZJKAazOr5J_BAJMgUFy-vjmG7zo7_FRBYRzCjhXHnVov6GJ4W/s200/4+Stralsund+und+Wismar+1.jpg" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0iAAJqrYdE8_1895YRxfToA4Znpi8NG4MxMiVwhXJqHgGJYzPlBS8iX1qciXtlqCdrrZZDEh5IXegpcROYmJlF1BuJHxmoxY4Xmgb_-lQzohX-dBFzYJ_JlZ60Kr8LP0Q4B0O-ZyOtOfz/s1600/4+Stralsund+und+Wismar+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1138" data-original-width="1600" height="141" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0iAAJqrYdE8_1895YRxfToA4Znpi8NG4MxMiVwhXJqHgGJYzPlBS8iX1qciXtlqCdrrZZDEh5IXegpcROYmJlF1BuJHxmoxY4Xmgb_-lQzohX-dBFzYJ_JlZ60Kr8LP0Q4B0O-ZyOtOfz/s200/4+Stralsund+und+Wismar+2.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj51A6O5AbZcQAiU9XAVuZO7lt-KP9R38Hx4N5YD_ciRc5SqVizlAsmPxU8Iba7T5kKJD_jfV-jA69DWRVkn4W_r1QjggRRsWcIr_pe4C1b4kAzGUsur0uvFzBv83sjNIvgz7eu17ppvCJd/s1600/4+Stralsund+und+Wismar+3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="342" data-original-width="560" height="121" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj51A6O5AbZcQAiU9XAVuZO7lt-KP9R38Hx4N5YD_ciRc5SqVizlAsmPxU8Iba7T5kKJD_jfV-jA69DWRVkn4W_r1QjggRRsWcIr_pe4C1b4kAzGUsur0uvFzBv83sjNIvgz7eu17ppvCJd/s200/4+Stralsund+und+Wismar+3.jpg" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUhe499o1sHDYIngqiDoJR6KJVFY5DiNw88MoNxAPSRBqyIjv61eZbBcC2ChUdOPhtdQUzK1OR4pe7Swji6VC-HWwnJv36umvwua1nuyG8cvkXuhKZGigIaL_KTRcTridvyFEgcMWebu5l/s1600/4+Stralsund+und+Wismar+4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="498" data-original-width="696" height="142" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUhe499o1sHDYIngqiDoJR6KJVFY5DiNw88MoNxAPSRBqyIjv61eZbBcC2ChUdOPhtdQUzK1OR4pe7Swji6VC-HWwnJv36umvwua1nuyG8cvkXuhKZGigIaL_KTRcTridvyFEgcMWebu5l/s200/4+Stralsund+und+Wismar+4.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
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Tallinn, Estonia's capital, is yet another Hanseatic-themed UNESCO World Heritage Site. Also Tallinn is described by the UNESCO as a major centre of the Hanseatic League, whose "wealth is demonstrated by the opulence of the public buildings (the churches in particular) and the domestic architecture of the merchants' houses." In fact it was one of the centres for the Hanseatic trade with Russia. An interesting building in Tallinn is the Great Guild Hall, which got the European Heritage Label in 2013. The Panel Report says that the "Great Guild's history of interactions with the Hanseatic League reveals the intriguing story of European 'integration' in medieval times."<br />
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<i>I am still looking for a card of the Great Guild Hall. If you can help me please comment below.</i><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRBZGYn29Nc_OiH-P3VynF5FBUvlZhJBssQpvNaCR6bfCpfj81pkk-rNmJYJtAiEA4257422PLoGuQbBAgFiWjr1guH84X75dxrevZ4xNb17da780aj9gZwdKc1zqdTM2aLv8hGvLJzngI/s1600/5+Tallinn.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1144" data-original-width="1600" height="285" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRBZGYn29Nc_OiH-P3VynF5FBUvlZhJBssQpvNaCR6bfCpfj81pkk-rNmJYJtAiEA4257422PLoGuQbBAgFiWjr1guH84X75dxrevZ4xNb17da780aj9gZwdKc1zqdTM2aLv8hGvLJzngI/s400/5+Tallinn.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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Latvia's capital Riga was also one of the key centres of the Hanseatic League in Eastern Europa and just like Tallinn it is also on the UNESCO World Heritage List, important for the inscription was however not only the Hanseatic past but also the fine collection of art nouveau buildings. Generally the UNESCO describes Riga as "living illustration of European history." The Three Brothers, characteristic dwelling houses found in Hanseatic towns in the Baltic Region, also got the European Heritage Label in 2019. The restoration in the 1950s is described in the Panel Report as "instrumental in building resistance to the destruction of Latvian culture during the Soviet occupation, and for sustaining the link with Europe and the value of freedom during this period." Riga's Hanseatic past is thus described as its link with Europa. In 2007 Latvia and Germany celebrated their common Hanseatic past with a joint issue about Riga, Stralsund and Wismar. The House of the Blackheads is depicted for Riga on these stamps. The ones for Stralsund and Wismar you can see above.<br />
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<i>I am still looking for a card of the Three Brothers. If you can help me please comment below.</i><br />
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Another former Hanseatic city, which would like to be included on the UNESCO World Heritage List, is Gdansk in Poland. To reach this goal "Gdansk - Town of Memory and Freedom" is currently inscribed to the UNESCO World Heritage List. While the application also includes Hanseatic memory next to the Westerplatte and sites of the Solidarity Movement, the text on the website mentions the Hanseatic League itself only shortly. Although the Hanseatic identity is still expressed today, it seems to have been even stronger one hundred years ago. Back then during the Interwar Period Gdansk as Free City of Danzig was a semi-autonomous city-state separated from Germany and put into a binding customs union with Poland. To commemorate the proclamation of the state (15th November 1920) a series of stamps was issued on 31st January 1921, which showed the famous Hanseatic Kogge (wrongly depicted with three masts) and thus activated the city's Hanseatic past and with that back then also its German identity.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Unfortunately I do not own this stamp. <br />The image is from the Colnect catalogue.</td></tr>
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In Germany the image of the Hanseatic city is mainly defined by Bremen and Hamburg. Both of them managed to maintain their independence as free cities until today and still proudly call themself officially "Hansestadt" (Hanseatic City). After the last Hanseatic Day in 1669 it were these two cities plus the Queen who were responsible for the Hanseatic legacy and managed and later sold the Kontore. Their inhabitants and with them all Hanseaten are usually described as cosmopolitan, urban, sober, reliable and stiff. After the German Reunification also other cities were allowed to officially call themself Hansestadt and more in East and West followed since then. Main reasons for this decision was not only a link to history and Europa but also a good touristic marketing. Beside Stralsund and Wismar the earliest were Greifswald and Rostock, which celebrated its 800th anniversary in 2018 and was thus chosen as location for a Hanseatic Day of New Time. In total there are now at least 27 official Hansestädte.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Special Postmark about the Hanseatic Day of New Time in <br />Rostock in 2018 with a stamp about Rostock's 800th anniversary</td></tr>
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These were more or less the cities with the highest identity-establishing connection with the Hanseatic League, who decided to put their Hanseatic past on the UNESCO World Heritage List or still proudly present themself as Hansestadt, but keeping in mind that there were around 200 Hanseatic cities you can see that there are nearly 170 left without such a connection. These include formerly important members of the league like Braunschweig, Dortmund and Cologne, two more of the last nine (Hildesheim and Osnabrück) and so many more little and big cities. As my own home town Braunschweig is among these cities, I can say from my own experience that not much is left of a Hanseatic identity, although the fifth Hanseatic Day of New Time was hosted here in 1985 and will be again hosted in 2027 (I was not even born in 1985, but I look forward to the next one.). A reason for that might be that other aspects are more important for our historical awareness here, but also that actually nothing of Hanseatic architecture can be seen here and unlike in other cities like Stralsund or Wismar the Hanseatic League is so not so present in the cityscape. In fact the only Brick Gothic building is the Liberei, a small and well hidden library building from the 15th century, of which for example I have never seen a postcard. I would have really liked to tell you how the Hanseatic League is presented in our city museum, but unfortunately that branch is still closed due to Covid-19. I might add that later. I am sure other cities have similar experiences. If you are from a former Hanseatic city it would be great if you would post your experience in a comment.<br />
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But wait, one city is still missing: the afore-mentioned Queen, Lübeck. Here the Hanseatic identity is still alive. It quite natural officially holds the title Hansestadt and is since 1987 on the UNESCO World Heritage List. Its historic importance comes not only from its role as Queen of the Hanseatic League, but also because its town rights known as Lübeck Law and the Brick Gothic spread from here across Northern Europa. Of enormous architectural significance is especially the Saint Mary's Church, as it is considered to be the mother church of the Brick Gothic. The Town Hall on the other site was once the meeting place for the Hanseatic Days and inspired other town halls in the Baltic area. Since 2015 Lübeck is also home to the European Hanseatic Museum, the World's largest museum about the history of the Hanseatic League. During the opening of the museum Angela Merkel also hold the speech I quoted at the beginning. I already dealed with Lübeck's history in the old post linked at the top, so check that one out if you want to know more. Also if you ever are in Lübeck visit the European Hanseatic Museum. It is one of the best museums I ever visited and I can really recommend it.<br />
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Actually I planned to devote more time to the creation of this post, but now honestly I spent more or less just a day writing it. Sources were Wikipedia, the website of the UNESCO, the Panel Reports of the European Heritage Label from 2013 and 2019, the Postfrisch Ausgabe 3/2020, some older posts from this blog and my other and the speech of Angela Merkel from 2013, which you can find <a href="https://www.bundesregierung.de/breg-de/service/bulletin/rede-von-bundeskanzlerin-dr-angela-merkel-798838"><span style="color: yellow;">here</span></a> (in German only). Also I began reading Rolf Hammel-Kiesow: Die Hanse, Munich<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span> 2002 and used it for this post, but so far did not finished it, so I might change some things when/if I finish it.<br />
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dustin15http://www.blogger.com/profile/12015554128978899257noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6937716955495315572.post-64121220804089510132020-05-17T13:22:00.053+02:002021-11-30T13:00:32.050+01:00Collecting Corona<div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
No matter how terrible it might sound, but the situation with Covid-19 seems to have a positive effect on philately, as more people seem to be interested in a hobby which does neither require much time outside nor with other people. A very interesting article about that you can find <a href="https://punkphilatelist.com/2020/05/05/covid-19-a-shot-in-the-arm-for-stamp-collecting/"><span style="color: yellow;">here</span></a> on the website of the Punk Philatelist. Another interesting effect is the emergence of a new philatelic collecting theme, the virus itself and its impacts on the mail service. So far stamps, cancellations or postal notations have appeared from all continents. For the "Truths, Lies and Rumors" of the early Philately of Covid-19 let me just include another link. <a href="https://www.philatelicpursuits.com/2020/04/12/the-philately-of-covid-19-truths-lies-and-rumors/"><span style="color: yellow;">This article</span></a> on Philatelic Pursuits by Mark Joseph Jochim gives an good overview of the situation at least until early April, but which, as I just discovered, was also updated later on. For my part, I am still not sure whether I want to start a philatelic collection about the virus and if yes how. Usually I like mint stamps, but real sent mail also has its charme for such a historic event. On the other side there are already so many stamps about the theme and more seem to be issued or announced every week that I do not know if I really want all of them. Nonetheless I will try to keep here an updated list of all stamps issued about Covid-19, which will be issued in 2020 and maybe early 2021 (excluding all tasteless catch-penny issues). However I will not show them here. If I have the stamps I will put in links to one of my other blogs, either <a href="http://postcardsblogatdustin.blogspot.com/"><span style="color: yellow;">my postcard blog</span></a> or <a href="http://stampcollectionatdustin.blogspot.com/"><span style="color: yellow;">my stamp blog</span></a>. On my postcard blog I also created <a href="http://postcardsblogatdustin.blogspot.com/search/label/*Covid-19"><span style="color: yellow;">the label *Covid-19</span></a> to keep a "postal diary", where you can find also other cards I connect to the current situation like super long travel times, stamps, cards and postmarks about cancelled events or about the virus itself or maybe just some cards I was happy to receive whether they might be the only ones in some weeks or just have some nice messages. </div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><u>The List of Covid-19 Stamps</u></span> <span style="font-size: x-small;">(last updated: 30th November 2021)</span></div>
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Iran (17th March)</div>
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<span style="color: yellow;"><a href="http://stampcollectionatdustin.blogspot.com/2020/05/vietnams-fight-against-covid-19.html"><span style="color: yellow;">Vietnam</span></a> </span>(31st March)</div>
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<a href="https://postcardsblogatdustin.blogspot.com/2020/07/covid-19-cover-from-switzerland.html"><span style="color: yellow;">Switzerland</span></a> (6th April)</div>
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Central African Republic (27th April)</div>
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Guinea Bissau (27th April)</div>
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<a href="http://stampcollectionatdustin.blogspot.com/2020/05/the-isle-of-man-and-covid-19.html"><span style="color: yellow;">Isle of Man</span></a> (4th May)</div>
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Morocco (7th May)</div>
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United Arab Emirates (10th May)</div>
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China (11th May)</div>
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Uruguay (13th May)</div>
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<a href="https://postcardsblogatdustin.blogspot.com/2020/07/new-zealand-tui-with-bear-hunt-stamps.html"><span style="color: yellow;">New Zealand</span></a> (20th May)</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://postcardsblogatdustin.blogspot.com/2020/12/cover-from-ukraine.html?m=1" target="_blank"><span style="color: #fcff01;">Ukraine</span></a> (29th May)</div>
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<a href="https://stampcollectionatdustin.blogspot.com/2020/06/monaco-and-covid-19.html"><span style="color: yellow;">Monaco</span></a> (3rd June)</div>
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Sao Tome and Principe (8th June)</div>
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Bosnia and Herzegovina - BH Posta (9th June)</div>
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Niger (10th June)</div>
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Djibouti (12th June)</div>
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Curacao (18th June)</div>
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Oman (22nd June)</div>
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Czech Republic (24th June)</div>
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Macau (24th June)</div>
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Tajikistan (June)</div>
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Lebanon (1st July)</div>
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Brazil (10th July)</div>
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Philippines (13th July)</div>
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Senegal (20th June)</div>
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South Sudan (21st July)</div>
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<a href="https://postcardsblogatdustin.blogspot.com/2020/08/taiwan-taipei-beimen-post-office.html"><span style="color: yellow;">Taiwan</span></a> (21st July)</div>
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Saudi Arabia (27th July)</div>
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French Polynesia (31st July)</div>
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<a href="http://stampcollectionatdustin.blogspot.com/2020/09/quirks-in-island-city.html"><span style="color: yellow;">Singapore</span></a> - Quirks in the Island City (7th August)</div>
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Greenland (10th August)</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://stampcollectionatdustin.blogspot.com/2020/10/united-against-covid-19.html"><span style="color: #fcff01;">United Nations</span></a> (10th August)</div>
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Kosovo (14th August)</div>
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Thailand (14th August)</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">Indonesia (17th August)</div>
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Alderney (19th August)</div>
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Guernsey (19th August)</div>
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Slovakia (21st August)</div>
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Colombia (26th August)</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://stampcollectionatdustin.blogspot.com/2020/12/the-soaper-5-against-covid-19.html"><span style="color: #fcff01;">Singapore</span></a> - Soaper 5 (4th September)</div>
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France (11th September)</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">Bosnia and Herzegovina - Republika Srpska (21st September)</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">Serbia - Joy of Europa (30th September)</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">Australia - Greetings (1st October)</div>
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Spain (1st October)</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">Kyrgyzstan (2nd October)</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">Portugal - World Post Day (9th October)</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">Saudi Arabia - World Post Day (9th October)</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">Sri Lanka (9th October)</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">Egypt (20th October)</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">Bahamas - Christmas (22nd October)</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://postcardsblogatdustin.blogspot.com/2020/12/austrias-covid-19-stamp.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #fcff01;">Austria</span></a> (30th October)</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">Russia (30th October)</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">Mexico (3rd November)</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">Ireland - Christmas (5th November)</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">Wallis and Futuna (5th November)</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">Portugal (6th November)</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">San Marino (10th November)</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">Mexico - Postal Worker (11th November, two issues)</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">North Cyprus (19th November)</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">Philippines - Christmas (23rd November)</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">Mali (1st December)</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">Syria (7th December)</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">Transnistria (11th December)</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">Tunisia (17th December)</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">India (24th December)</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">Hong Kong (29th December)</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">Kyrgyz Express Post (30th December)</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">Andorra - Spanish Post (19th January)</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">Kosovo (28th January)</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">Malta (29th January)</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">New Zealand - Holidays at Home (3rd February)</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">Georgia (5th February)</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">Israel (9th February)</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">Philippines - Valentine's Day (10th February)</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://stampcollectionatdustin.blogspot.com/2021/03/covid-19-in-australia.html?m=1" target="_blank"><span style="color: #fcff01;">Australia</span></a> (16th February)</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">Moldova (25th February)</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">Indonesia (26th February)</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">Algeria (27th February)</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">Andorra - French Post (1st March)</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;">Jersey (1st March)</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">Spain - Corona Waste Reduction (18th March)</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">Jordan (31st March)</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">Zimbabwe (31st March)</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">Kuwait (7th April)</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">Serbia (12th April)</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">Armenia (16th April)</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">North Macedonia (16th April)</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">Vietnam (29th April)</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">North Macedonia (8th May)</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">Bangladesh (19th May)</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">Saudi Arabia (17th June)</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">Spain - UNHCR (18th June)</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">Spain - Operation Balmis (24th June)</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">Italy - Italy Reopens (30th June)</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">Bermuda (15th July)</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://stampcollectionatdustin.blogspot.com/2021/11/wevaccinate.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #fcff01;">Poland</span></a> (15th July)</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">Malaysia (5th August)</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">Singapore (6th August)</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">Taiwan (11th August)</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">Russia (24th August)</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">Malaysia (9th September)</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">Peru (9th September)</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://postcardsblogatdustin.blogspot.com/2021/11/cover-from-austria-with-ffp2-mask-stamp.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #fcff01;">Austria</span></a> (16th September)</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">Faroe Islands (20th September)</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">San Marino (21st September)</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">Kosovo (8th October)</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">Sri Lanka - World Post Day (9th October)</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">Thailand - World Post Day (9th October)</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">Israel (30th November)</div>
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Just to illustrate this post a bit I want to show the first Covid-19 stamps I got, the set from Vietnam. Here you can just see them used on a cover. Follow the link in the list to see them also mint and on maxicards.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbA-axuW-zQGj3Ml14Xsk9uSmJRu0Lw3spSwYEpsu-TL4pRrg4dCu4bFfKYv5jkhVu0tVUjbJkU5oq4A4bstzpstY8N21eGdIZggRppzLdDZ47vw0ZEK0cMGwUAg014aMOgvoA4K3msKw8/s1600/1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1037" data-original-width="1600" height="258" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbA-axuW-zQGj3Ml14Xsk9uSmJRu0Lw3spSwYEpsu-TL4pRrg4dCu4bFfKYv5jkhVu0tVUjbJkU5oq4A4bstzpstY8N21eGdIZggRppzLdDZ47vw0ZEK0cMGwUAg014aMOgvoA4K3msKw8/s400/1.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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However not only philatelists care about collections on Covid-19, also museums start to collect things about, "as much can already be foreseen, one of the most incisive global events of the 21st century". One of first museums from which I heard of collecting plans was the Braunschweigisches Landesmuseum in my home town, but also other began the systematic collection including the German Historical Museum in Berlin. Every museum has a different approach. The Braunschweigisches Landesmuseum for example is mainly interested in things from the region and asks the people to give their personal mementos to the museum "to collect, to preserve, to document and to impart". Thus they started an appeal on <a href="https://www.3landesmuseen.de/Braunschweigisches-Landesmuseum.183.0.html"><span style="color: yellow;">their website</span></a>. I included it below, as I am not sure how long they will keep it on their website, but I did not want to translate it completely and only highlighted the passages I quoted here. The German Historical Museum on the other side is more interesting in the things of "bigger" historic importance like the face mask of Angela Merkel, but for sure also includes things from the normal population. Keeping that in mind, if you have something nice like "self-made face masks, photos of empty cities, posters, rainbow art for windows or toilet paper sculptures" maybe you should donate it to your local museums to see it one day in their exhibition. Most museums will for sure be happy for your support!<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKu84yfYk7VF7M_Jnw7dFxfDaWsrSi-3MANf4i72r79kg9FQomUmqbOGgipSkoivf1yv1sqjfe4TkVqCRCtho6s7Rqzq6N0KkY7HL60JiT1q30swz1POjFRR02OqBYV0uKt0QlmkuI19SY/s1600/2.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1136" data-original-width="1600" height="283" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKu84yfYk7VF7M_Jnw7dFxfDaWsrSi-3MANf4i72r79kg9FQomUmqbOGgipSkoivf1yv1sqjfe4TkVqCRCtho6s7Rqzq6N0KkY7HL60JiT1q30swz1POjFRR02OqBYV0uKt0QlmkuI19SY/s400/2.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Braunschweigisches Landesmuseum</td></tr>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7SRxiwtet7CnPTJVwjQmtoI6f0HGDX2-9OHw4EdejyJDUEb8GnpWa4y29WCdt-2RQvrkpcbVYOUrQVIJ6XCBb0bA5htm91LhLyr5f9CFcen7FX_16xW854N6n4nNfbleY-TM-EI6jOi3H/s1600/17Berlin_0019.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1147" data-original-width="1600" height="286" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7SRxiwtet7CnPTJVwjQmtoI6f0HGDX2-9OHw4EdejyJDUEb8GnpWa4y29WCdt-2RQvrkpcbVYOUrQVIJ6XCBb0bA5htm91LhLyr5f9CFcen7FX_16xW854N6n4nNfbleY-TM-EI6jOi3H/s400/17Berlin_0019.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">German Historical Museum in Berlin</td></tr>
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Coming back to the stamps once again, I want to stress that I will only list stamps issued in 2020 and maybe early 2021. One might imagine that there will also be later stamps about this "most incisive global event of the 21st century". Just like recent issues about the 75th anniversary of the End of World War II there might be issues about the 5th, 10th, 20th, 25th, 50th and so on and on and on anniversaries of the beginning or the hopeful soon end of the pandemic (what actually requires that stamps are still issued then). Also there might be issues about the 2020s including the virus or just stamps including the pandemic as an important event in a country's history (see a similar example below). These will for sure be interesting for a thematic collection, but I think not so much for a historic collection, as they do not really mark history but display the view of the future on a event of the past. This is for sure very interesting and what most history stamps here usually actually do, but it is something completely different and thus I will not list them together.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnYpdeiLMTL8YJZdsYpTitTjJacjSxlEF1IF73bMTyt3C-IsgnMozAvkMbtkWTDHr6PUkPAFdH_fYxObgU2hDlPmQTDwU_HohKCjmrgY5RBNkP0BrmEeEIwmIt1UGLNBFJkThIYwdg8dnS/s1600/3.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="434" data-original-width="434" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnYpdeiLMTL8YJZdsYpTitTjJacjSxlEF1IF73bMTyt3C-IsgnMozAvkMbtkWTDHr6PUkPAFdH_fYxObgU2hDlPmQTDwU_HohKCjmrgY5RBNkP0BrmEeEIwmIt1UGLNBFJkThIYwdg8dnS/s200/3.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Stamp with "Beating SARS Together" <br />
for Singapore's 48th anniversary <br />
of independence</td></tr>
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From the website of the Braunschweigisches Landesmuseum:<br />
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<blockquote style="text-align: left;">
<u><i>Sammlungsaufruf für Objekte zur Krise</i></u><i><br /></i><i>Selbstgenähte Gesichtsmaske, Toilettenpapier-Skulptur, Regenbogen-Kunst - was ist für Sie ganz persönlich das Symbol der Corona-Krise? Das Braunschweigische Landesmuseum sammelt Objekte zur Corona-Pandemie - und freut sich auf Ihre Unterstützung!</i><span style="text-align: center;"> </span></blockquote>
<blockquote style="text-align: left;">
<i><br /></i><u><i>Corona gehört ins Museum! Die Sammel-Aktion des Braunschweigischen Landesmuseums</i></u><i><br /></i><i>Seit fast 130 Jahren hat das Braunschweigische Landemuseum die Aufgabe, Geschichte und Kultur des braunschweigischen Landes <b>zu sammeln, zu bewahren, zu dokumentieren und zu vermitteln</b>. Die Corona-Pandemie, <b>soviel ist schon jetzt abzusehen, wird als eines der einschneidendsten globalen Ereignisse des 21. Jahrhunderts </b>in die Geschichte eingehen. Daher möchte das Braunschweigische Landesmuseum nun systematisch Dokumente, Fotos, Objekte als Zeitzeugen dieses für unsere Gesellschaft brachialen Ereignisses der Gegenwartsgeschichte für unsere Region sammeln.</i><i><br /></i><i>Wie werden wir uns an die Coronavirus-Pandemie erinnern? Das Museum freut sich auf Vorschläge für alles, was für die Braunschweigerinnen und Braunschweiger zum Symbol der Corona-Krise geworden ist, <b>von der selbstgenähten Gesichtsmaske über das Foto der leeren Innenstadt, Plakate oder Regenbogen-Kunst für das Fenster bis hin zur Toilettenpapier-Skulptur</b>.</i></blockquote>
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dustin15http://www.blogger.com/profile/12015554128978899257noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6937716955495315572.post-27436735021432383892020-05-08T09:36:00.000+02:002020-05-08T09:36:27.734+02:00Ten Facts about the Weimar Republic<div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
75 years ago World War II ended in Europa. Back in 2018, when the World celebrated the Centenary of the <a href="https://theworldshistoryinpostcards.blogspot.com/p/100-years-end-of-world-war-i.html"><span style="color: yellow;">End of World War I</span></a>, I actually was thinking about a three-year-series of posts here on the blog: World War I in 2018, the Interwar Period in 2019 and World War II in 2020, but as I already wrote here I failed to write much in 2019 and even now I did not managed to write anything in time for this important jubilee. As I currently have an interest in the Weimar Republic, which was actually supposed to be part of the last year, I write this post about this period in German history now and later on I will write some little posts about World War II, but these have to wait. So for the moment have fun with my ten personal favourite facts about the Weimar Republic.</div>
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<b><u>1 The Weimar Constitution was actually quite interesting.</u></b></div>
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Studying constitutions and other legal textes might not be the most interesting part of history and unfortunately I still did not managed to read the Weimar Constitution as a whole, but its creation and influence are a worthy first fact. First of all it has to be mentioned that is was actually called Weimar Constitution, because it was signed in the small Thuringian town of Weimar. Berlin was unsuitable, because riots would prevent the free work of the delegates. Weimar on the other side was a linking point with the history of Goethe, Schiller and other great figures of the German literature and was also easy to defend in the case of a attack. As news and mail from Berlin were still needed in Weimar, the first regular air mail service in Germany was established between the two cities. When the Weimar National Assembly was elected earlier in January 1919, most of the German women were able to vote for the first time (some were earlier able to vote on state level). After 1933 the constitution was never formally repealed and stayed in force until the 1945. The 1949 Constitution of the German Democratic Republic, the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany and the first official constitution of the Republic of Korea were later all based on the Weimar Constitution.</div>
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<b><u>2 The first commemorative stamps of the German Empire were issued during the Weimar era.</u></b><br />
As it is written in the first article of the Weimar Constitution (shown on the stamp above), the "German Empire is a Republic" and thus also the Weimar Republic is actually still the German Empire. In consequence the Michel Catalog also lists all stamps of the Weimar Republic (and the Third Reich) as part of the German Empire. Looking now in there one might notice that before 1919 only definitives were issued and the first actual commemoratives were issued for the opening of the Weimar National Assembly. Commemoratives however remained scarce until the Third Reich, when more and more were issued for propagandistic reasons. As I unfortunately do not have these stamps, here is an interesting recent postmark to illustrate this fact. It commemorates the centenary of the last Bavarian stamps, which were also issued during the Weimar era.<br />
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<b><u>3 There was not only a Treaty of Versailles.</u></b><br />
This is actually just a small note, but while learning history in school I always just heard about the Treaty of Versailles, so if anybody else does not know the others there were also the Treaties of Saint-Germain with Austria, of Neuilly with Bulgaria, of Trianon with Hungary and of Sèvres with the Ottoman Empire, which were all signed during the Paris Peace Conference. As result of the conference also the League of Nations and the International Labour Organization were founded.<br />
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<b><u>4 Thuringia was founded in 1920.</u></b><br />
While talking about the territory of the Weimar Republic, the main theme usually is the loss of territories after World War I, mainly Alsace-Lorraine and the territories which became part of a newly-independent Poland, so I think it is actually quite interesting to take a look at the inside. Just like the German Empire until then and Germany today the Weimar Republic was a federal state consisting at its high time of 18 Länder. An alteration during the formation time of the republic was the formation of Thuringia from seven of the eight Thuringian States (Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Saxe-Meiningen, Saxe-Altenburg, Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, Reuss Elder Line, Reuss Younger Line; Saxe-Coburg voted to join Bavaria instead). Later on in 1929 the Free State of Waldeck with its glorious capital city Arolsen became part of Prussia. The rest stayed the same until after World War II. Although 18 Länder is not much more than the 16 of today, the map was completely different. Just compare a map of 1930 with one of today by youself!<br />
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<b><u>5 The first President of Germany was legally a traitor to his country.</u></b><br />
The justice of the Weimar Republic made some strange decisions. In general it can be said that right-wing crimes got away much easier than left-wing crimes. Examples include the murders of Matthias Erzberger and Walther Rathenau (Organisation Consul), Hitler's Beer Hall Putsch or the Leipzig War Crimes Trials. Especially strange I think is the trial of Friedrich Ebert in Magdeburg in 1925, which fined a journalist who had called Ebert a "traitor to his country" for his role in the January 1918 strike, but it also said that, legally, Ebert had in fact committed treason. This court case prevented him from seeking medical help for a while, as he wanted to be available to give evidence and was thus even a reason for his death shortly afterwards.<br />
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<b><u>6 The Weimar Republic was a very free period for art, cinema, sexuality and in general.</u></b><br />
It is not for nothing that the Weimar period is (in parts) known as the "Goldenen Zwanziger" (Golden Twenties), but due to its horrible end this can be easily forgetten. Nonetheless entire books could be written about the freedoms of the Weimar Republic, so here are just a few keywords and names if you want to know more: Alfred Döblin, AVUS, Bauhaus, Berlin Alexanderplatz, Berlin Night Life, Bertolt Brecht, Comedian Harmonists, Fritz Lang, Käthe Kollwitz, Magnus Hirschfeld, Marlene Dietrich, Max Beckmann, Max Schmeling, Metropolis, Neue Frau, New Objectivity, Otto Dix, Paul Klee, Thomas Mann, UFA Studio, ...<br />
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<b><u>7 Many important modern-style buildings were constructed in or for the Weimar Republic.</u></b><br />
Just as a small reminder for <a href="https://theworldshistoryinpostcards.blogspot.com/2019/04/the-bauhaus-connection-germany-israel.html"><span style="color: yellow;">last year's post about the Bauhaus</span></a> and because the Werkbund Estates recently got the European Heritage Label, I thought I might include once again the modern architecture. Now I can also include a building I did not have a stamp of last year, the Barcelona Pavilion by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. "<i>The pavilion for the [1929] International Exhibition was supposed to represent the new Weimar Germany: democratic, culturally progressive, prospering, and thoroughly pacifist; a self-portrait through architecture</i>" (says Wikipedia). This sounds like just another piece of modern architecture, but it becomes more interesting if you keep in mind that neither Germany nor Spain could really live out their free and modern image presented in 1929, as shortly after both Hitler and Franco came to power.<br />
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<b><u>8 All German Nobel Peace Prize Winners are connected to the Weimar Republic.</u></b><br />
Germany has four Nobel Peace Prize Winners. Ludwig Quidde (1927) was a politician and pacifist who is mainly remembered today for his criticism of German Emperor Wilhelm II and whose long career spanned four different eras of German history including the Weimar Republic. Carl von Ossietzky (1935) was a journalist and pacifist exposing the clandestine re-armament of the Weimar Republic. He later died in Nazi custody, who earlier already refused to release him to travel to Oslo to receive the prize. Willy Brandt (1971) spent most of his childhood during the Weimar period and later fled the Nazi regime to Norway and Sweden. As Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany he helped to strengthen cooperation in Western Europa and to achieve reconciliation between West Germany and the countries of Eastern Europa. The most important winner for the Weimar Republic however was Gustav Stresemann (1926). He served as Chancellor for 102 days in 1923 and was Foreign Minister between 1923 and 1929. During a period of political instability and fragile short-lived governments he was generally seen as a factor of stability. His most notable achievement was the reconciliation between Germany and France, which was also the reason why he and Aristide Briand received the Nobel Peace Prize. His death in 1929 and the Great Depression marked the beginning of the end of the Weimar Republic.<br />
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<b><u>9 Without the Weimar Republic the USA would probably not have been on the Moon.</u></b><br />
The "Weltraumfieber" (Space Fever) in the Weimar Republic is not very famous and without a very interesting seminar in the winter semester 2018/19 I would not know about it either. During this seminar we read texts of famous space flight pioneers who promulgated ideas for spacecrafts and even made succesful tests. While they were mainly pacifist and planned to fulfil the humankind's old dream of space travel, they also included the vision of a new World standing for Germany. The ideas were later corrupted by the Nazis in Peenemünde with the construction of the V-2 rockets and after World War II scientists from Peenemünde came to the USA and the Soviet Union, where they helped to bring the Space Age. The most famous of these persons is for sure Wernher von Braun, who however only played a minor role during the Weimar Republic. If you want to know more search for Hermann Ganswindt, <b>Hermann Oberth</b>, <b>Max Valier</b>, Raketenübungsplatz in Berlin-Reinickendorf, Verein für Raumschifffahrt, Karl Debus, Werner Deubel, Reinhold Tiling, Hermann Noordung and Fritz Lang's Frau im Mond.<br />
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<b><u>10 The Weimar Republic was not doomed to fail.</u></b><br />
The Weimar Republic is usually thought from the end, which for sure is understandable, as no other failing state ended in the Holocaust, but that does not mean that this was the only possible end. During its short time of existence the Weimar Republic saw many crises and most of them the state survived. Just because it happened, does not mean it had to happen. Noone in the mid-1920s would have probably guessed what would happen shortly after, so we can not assume it. Historic processes are free and neither deterministic nor teleological. On the other side it was and is for sure important to take a look at the republic's weaknesses and the Rise of Evil to hopefully prevent that something like that will never ever happen again, but it is also possible to take look at the good sides of the Weimar Republic and I hope everyone who read this knows now that the Weimar Republic was not only a take-off ramp for Adolf Hitler but so much more.<br />
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dustin15http://www.blogger.com/profile/12015554128978899257noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6937716955495315572.post-10930034430593260992020-04-08T16:41:00.000+02:002020-05-24T10:42:39.187+02:00The European Heritage Label Sites of 2019<div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
During these days it is nice to see that a few things actually happen as planned, but I was really surprised to see that a few days ago the new European Heritage Label Sites were selected. It is always nice to see which ones are selected and to read the reasons for the selection in the panel report, as most of the sites are completely unknown to me and for the most of them it is also not easy to find informations otherwise. </div>
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The selected sites are:</div>
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Archaeological Area of Ostia antica (Italy)</div>
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Underwater Cultural Heritage of the Azores (Portugal)</div>
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Living Heritage of Szentendre (Hungary)</div>
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Colonies of the Benevolence (Belgium, Netherlands)</div>
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Kynžvart Chateau – Place of diplomatic meetings (Czech Republic)</div>
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"Zdravljica" - the Message of the European Spring of Nations (1848) (Slovenia)</div>
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Site of Remembrance in Łambinowice (Poland)</div>
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Werkbund Estates in Europe 1927-1932 (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Poland)</div>
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Lieu de Mémoire au Chambon-sur-Lignon (France)</div>
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"Three Brothers" (Latvia)</div>
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This brings the number of European Heritage Label Sites up to 48. Latvia now has its first site and Poland is the country with the most sites (six) followed by France and Germany (five each). It will be very hard to find cards of all of them, but at least of a few of them I have seen that there are stamps. So far I only have a card about the Werkbund Estate in Stuttgart (Germany), so <b>any help with the sites is very welcome</b>. For some of them I however have not any hope to ever get a card. Using the label "=European Heritage Label" you can see my complete collection of these cards and stamps and read about their European significance, both for the new sites and the older ones.</div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuSXLViAn0fhXY3YpFIa-oto7cJS-V6p9R9DkbWbFAhtFP1wRHeUHE9Sdh814cMW9AGXfXqqd7tvlY2lXu0gYJrXtGR6-ztlgC2ycJTapaijNxZXd-aNg599abFs7JOpm8QNAk7qqteHSq/s1600/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="599" data-original-width="424" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuSXLViAn0fhXY3YpFIa-oto7cJS-V6p9R9DkbWbFAhtFP1wRHeUHE9Sdh814cMW9AGXfXqqd7tvlY2lXu0gYJrXtGR6-ztlgC2ycJTapaijNxZXd-aNg599abFs7JOpm8QNAk7qqteHSq/s400/1.jpg" width="282" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Stamp about the Congress of Vienna connected to <br />
both the Colonies of Benevolence and the Kynžvart Chateau</td></tr>
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When new sites are selected, this also means that some pre-selected sites do not get the label.<br />
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These applications failed:<br />
Vučedol Culture Museum and Archaeological Site (Croatia)<br />
Columbus Sites (Portugal, Spain)<br />
Vizsolyi Bible Commemorative Site (Hungary)<br />
Sagunto (Spain)<br />
Castello del Valentino (Italy)<br />
Coudenberg Palace (Belgium)<br />
Manor House Dolná Krupá (Slovakia)<br />
Lines of Torres Vedras (Portugal)<br />
Polish National Film, TV and Theatre School named after Leon Schiller in Lodz (Poland)<br />
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Personally I think it is especially sad for the Coudenberg Palace, not only because I have a card of that one but also because they write as follows:<br />
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<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: left;">
<i>"The Coudenberg Palace meets all the criteria required for the European Heritage Label. However, under Article 14.4 of Decision 1194/2011/EU on the European Heritage Label it is not possible to award the Label to Coudenberg Palace as the Colonies of Benevolence site has also been recommended for the Label and, according to this article, priority must be given to transnational sites."</i></blockquote>
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The Columbus Sites, Sagunto and the Lines of Torres Vedras also represent interesting parts of European history, but as they clearly write in the report that is not enough. The European narrative of the sites is more important.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiGzrkOodaQBOKqeyZHOOMHoLEVu1ijZSVXmfJk4sNlLhlxxtassmV7FphTwR0WYCBR5An8XsjiL-f5urUYtzVu94EoSSeqicgC-LU9wWOQfo5ZFso11WHyJZF0956crKtOhK8RsaphZTe/s1600/2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1132" data-original-width="1600" height="282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiGzrkOodaQBOKqeyZHOOMHoLEVu1ijZSVXmfJk4sNlLhlxxtassmV7FphTwR0WYCBR5An8XsjiL-f5urUYtzVu94EoSSeqicgC-LU9wWOQfo5ZFso11WHyJZF0956crKtOhK8RsaphZTe/s400/2.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Coudenberg Palace in Brussels, Belgium</td></tr>
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<br />dustin15http://www.blogger.com/profile/12015554128978899257noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6937716955495315572.post-77179362913622347632020-03-30T16:27:00.001+02:002024-01-16T18:19:23.654+01:00A Trip to Germany's Biggest and Most Important Museums<div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
For many of us the life changed dramatically in the last few weeks du to the coronavirus. Luckily I can say the not much changed for myself, as I was on holidays anyway. The most annoying however is that I had to postpone/cancel some museum visits I was really looking forward to. To compensate for that let me take you on a small virtual and philatelic trip to some of Germany's biggest and most important museums.</div>
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Museums are places to collect artifacts from the past, to conduct research with them and to present them to the public. Germany has nearly 7000 museums and thus it is one of the countries with the highest number of museums in the World. Many of them show internationally important collections, but usually none is among lists of famous museums around the World, as there are no such famous museums like the Louvre, the Met, the Prado or the Uffizi here in Germany. Generally it is also not very easy to actually find a list of Germany's biggest and most important museums, so I decided to make my own list both for future visits and my collection of museum postcards. A good start to make this list is the wonderful German stamp series "Schätze aus Deutschen Museen" (Treasures from German Museums), which started in 2013 and just came to an end this year with a stamp about Van Gogh. While I always wondered why the series just includes art, I now realised that it is actually a small walkthrough of art history with interesting exhibits from some of Germany's leading art museums. </div>
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The stamps show</div>
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- Nefertiti Bust, Neues Museum in Berlin (issued 02-01-2013)</div>
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- Ishtar Gate, Pergamon Museum in Berlin (issued 02-01-2013)</div>
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- The Creation of the Animals by Master Bertram, Kunsthalle Hamburg (issued 05-06-2014)</div>
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- Visitation by Rogier van der Weyden, Museum of Fine Arts in Leipzig (issued 04-12-2014)</div>
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- Mourning Women by Tilman Riemenschneider, Württemberg State Museum in Stuttgart (issued 01-10-2015)</div>
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- Adoration by the Shepherds by Martin Schongauer, Painting Gallery in Berlin (issued 01-11-2015)</div>
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- Emperor Charles V by Titian, Alte Pinakothek in Munich (issued 07-04-2016)</div>
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- Ivory Frigate by Jakob Zeller, New Green Vault in Dresden (issued 07-04-2016)</div>
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- The Girl with the Wine Glass by Johannes Vermeer, Herzog Anton Ulrich Museum in Braunschweig (issued 02-01-2017)</div>
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- Toucan, Demoiselle Crane und Black Crowned Crane in a Landscape by Jean-Baptiste Oudry, Staatliches Museum Schwerin at Ludwigslust Palace (issued 02-01-2017)</div>
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- Goethe in the Roman Campagna by Johann Heinrich Wilhelm Tischbein, Städel Museum in Frankfurt (issued 07-06-2018)</div>
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- Princesses Group by Johann Gottfried Schadow, Old National Gallery in Berlin (issued 11-10-2018)</div>
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- The Lonely Tree by Caspar David Friedrich, Old National Gallery in Berlin (issued 02-01-2019)</div>
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- Field with Poppies by Vincent van Gogh, Kunsthalle Bremen (issued 02-01-2020)</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi98R4RCA1aS_p7zKAQKYPaloLCL9CDyrkoEChqVa-ikg8KzwXAdyTCJxYoIS5PUWnDT_h6rScy-ktcHdabURjNL5_BJeg4DdIhKcMI6Prf-scSFQPkfqQIOrgGNrfjmaiJsnCMdgv1c7gP/s1600/1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="627" data-original-width="850" height="295" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi98R4RCA1aS_p7zKAQKYPaloLCL9CDyrkoEChqVa-ikg8KzwXAdyTCJxYoIS5PUWnDT_h6rScy-ktcHdabURjNL5_BJeg4DdIhKcMI6Prf-scSFQPkfqQIOrgGNrfjmaiJsnCMdgv1c7gP/s400/1.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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Keeping this in mind, we now already have a list of important art museums and only other types of museums like natural history or history museums have to be added. Below you can now find my complete list of Germany's big and important museums. All of them surely are worth a visit, this list however can never be really complete, as there are just too many museums in Germany to keep track of all of them. If you know of any other German museum which deserves an addition to the list please post a comment. Under the list you can also see more stamps about German museums both from the series and otherwise.<br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Bold</b> are the museums which I think also have big international importance.</span><br />
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<u>3Landesmuseen in Braunschweig</u> - include the Braunschweigisches Landesmuseum, the Herzog Anton Ulrich Museum and the Natural History Museum; the Braunschweigisches Landesmuseum is among the large history museums in Germany; the Herzog Anton Ulrich Museum and the Natural History Museum are the oldest museums in Continental Europa; the Herzog Anton Ulrich Museum houses one of the most important art collections in Germany, a highlight in its collection is the original Brunswick Lion<br />
<u>Baden State Museum in Karlsruhe</u> - located in Karlsruhe Palace; important art, cultural history and regional history collections for Baden<br />
<u>Bauhaus Museum Dessau</u> - constructed for the Bauhaus jubilee in 2019, second-largest Bauhaus collection in the World<br />
<u>Bavarian Army Museum in Ingolstadt</u> - museum for the military history of Bavaria<br />
<u>Bavarian National Museum in Munich</u> - one of the most important museums of decorative arts in Europa<br />
<u>Buchenwald Concentration Camp</u> - one of the first and the largest of the concentration camps within Germany's 1937 borders, one of the better known concentration camp memorials in Germany<br />
<u>Bundeswehr Military History Museum in Dresden</u> - one of the large history museums in Germany and one of the largest military history museums in Europa, after a renovation the old building has a deconstructivist wedge designed by Daniel Libeskind<br />
<u>Cultural History Museum in Magdeburg</u> - known for its special exhibitions, home to the original Magdeburg Rider<br />
<u><b>Dresden State Art Collections</b></u> - one of the most renowned and oldest museum institutions in the World; shown at different locations in Dresden; the most famous parts are the Old Masters Painting Gallery, the New Masters Gallery and the Green Vault; the Old Masters Painting Gallery houses paintings from the 15th to the 18th century including major Italian Renaissance works like the Sistine Madonna; the Green Vault houses the largest treasure collection in Europa<br />
<u>European Hansemuseum in Lübeck</u> - largest museum about the Hanseatic League in the World<br />
<u><b>Germanisches Nationalmuseum in Nuremberg</b></u> - largest museum of cultural history in the German-speaking World; large collection of items relating to German culture and art extending from prehistoric times through to the present day<br />
<u><b>German Historical Museum in Berlin</b></u> - one of the large history museums in Germany, one of the most important and most visited museums in Berlin, place of enlightenment and understanding of the shared history of Germans and Europeans<br />
<u>German Hygiene Museum in Dresden</u> - follows the spirit of the first International Hygiene Exhibition in 1911, "Cultural Lighthouse" (a cultural institutions of national importance in the former East Germany)<br />
<u>German Mining Museum in Bochum</u> - one of the most visited museums in Germany, largest mining museum in the World, renowned research establishment for mining history<br />
<u><b>German Museum in Munich</b></u> - largest museum in Munich, largest museum of science and technology in the World, one of the most visited museums in Germany<br />
<u>German Oceanographic Museum and Ozeaneum in Stralsund</u> - museum about the oceans and everything connected with them, since the opening of the Ozeaneum in 2008 it has become the most visited museum in Northern Germany, the Ozeaneum got the European Museum of the Year Award in 2010<br />
<u>Grassi Museum in Leipzig</u> - includes the Ethnography Museum, Musical Instruments Museum and Applied Arts Museum; "Cultural Lighthouse"<br />
<u>Halle State Museum of Prehistory</u> - one of the large archaeological collections in Germany, highlights are the Nebra Sky Disk and the Hornhausen Rider Stele<br />
<u>Haus der Geschichte in Bonn</u> - museum about the German history from 1945 until the present, one of the large history museums in Germany, one of the most visited museums in Germany<br />
<u>Hessian State Museum in Darmstadt</u> - one of the oldest and biggest museums in Germany, houses exhibitions about art, cultural and natural history<div><u><b>Humboldt Forum in Berlin</b></u> - a museum dedicated to human history, art and culture, considered the "German equivalent" of the British Museum, houses the non-European collections of the Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation<br />
<u>International Maritime Museum in Hamburg</u> - housed in Hamburg's oldest preserved warehouse, home to a private collection of over 40000 items and 1million photographs with a maritime connection<br />
<u><b>Jewish Museum in Berlin</b></u> - largest Jewish museum in Europa and one of the most visited museums in Berlin, shows artifacts from two millennia of German-Jewish history, known for its deconstructivist building by Daniel Libeskind<br />
<u>Klimahaus in Bremerhaven</u> - museum about climate and climate change, offers its visitors the possibility of a virtual journey along the 8th line of longitude<br />
<u>Kunsthalle Bremen</u> - only German museum with an extensive art collection from the 14th to 21st century which is still in private ownership<br />
<u><b>Kunsthalle Hamburg</b></u> - one of the largest art museums in Germany, shows artworks from most of the great names of Europa's art history, highlight of the collection is Caspar David Friedrich's "Wanderer above the Sea of Fog"<br />
<u>Lower Saxony State Museum in Hanover</u> - largest public museum in Lower Saxony, shows exhibitions about art, archaeology, ethnology and natural history<br />
<u>Museum am Rothenbaum in Hamburg</u> - one of the largest museums of ethnology in Europa<div><u>Museum Barberini in Potsdam</u> - art museum with a focus on Impressionist art showing the collection of Hasso Plattner<br />
<u>Museum Folkwang in Essen</u> - one of the leading museums of modern art in the World in the 1920s and 1930s, heavy losses during the Nazi era, today one of the most visited museums in Germany<br />
<u><b>Museum Island in Berlin</b></u> - includes the Altes Museum, Neues Museum, Old National Gallery, Bode Museum and Pergamon Museum; one of the most important museum complexes in Europa; mainly archaeological, art and coin collections are shown; part of the Berlin State Museums; highlights include the Nefertiti Bust and the Pergamon Altar; UNESCO World Heritage Site<br />
<u>Museum Koenig in Bonn</u> - one of the three largest natural history museums in Germany, important site of Germany's democratic restart after World War II<br />
<u>Museum Ludwig in Cologne</u> - one of the most important museums of modern art in Europa, especially famous for its Picasso and Pop Art collections<br />
<u>Museum of Communication in Berlin</u> - housed in the former Imperial Post Office, one of the largest postal museums in the World, highlights include Mauritius "Post Office" stamps<br />
<u>Museum of Fine Arts in Leipzig</u> - one of the largest art museums in Germany, often shows special exhibitions<br />
<u><b>Natural History Museum in Berlin</b></u> - one of the three largest natural history museums in Germany, highlights include the dinosaurs and the Archaeopteryx<br />
<u><b>Naturmuseum Senckenberg in Frankfurt</b></u> - one of the three largest natural history museums in Germany, houses the largest exhibition of large dinosaurs in Europa and many originals from the Messel Pit<br />
<u>Nuremberg Transport Museum</u> - consists of the Deutsche Bahn's own DB Museum and the Museum of Communications, one of the oldest technical history museums in Europa, anchor point of the European Route of Industrial Heritage<br />
<u>Painting Gallery in Berlin</u> - part of the Berlin State Museums, one of the World's leading collections of European paintings from the 13th to the 18th century<br />
<u><b>Pinakotheken in Munich</b></u> - includes the Alte Pinakothek, the Neue Pinakothek and the Pinakothek der Moderne; part of the Bavarian State Painting Collections, the Alte Pinakothek is one of the oldest galleries in the World and houses a significant collection of Old Master paintings, the Neue Pinakothek is one of the most important museums of art of the nineteenth century in the World, the Pinakothek der Moderne finally is one of the World's largest museums for modern and contemporary art<br />
<u>Roemer- und Pelizaeus-Museum Hildesheim</u> - third largest museum of Egyptian antiquities in Germany and among the thirty largest in the World, also houses an important collection of Ancient Peruvian art and the second largest collection of Chinese porcelain in Europa<br />
<u>Romano-Germanic Museum in Cologne</u> - houses a large collection of Roman artifacts from the Roman settlement of Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium<br />
<u>Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum in Mainz</u> - important research institution for the Old World and its contact zones from the Stone Age to the Middle Ages<br />
<u>Sprengel Museum in Hanover</u> - one of the most significant collections of modern art in Germany<br />
<u>Staatliches Museum Schwerin</u> - includes branches in Schwerin, Güstrow and Ludwigslust; nationally known for its medieval collections, the main building in Schwerin is a masterpiece of Historicist architecture<br />
<u><b>Städel Museum in Frankfurt</b></u> - one of the most important and prominent art museums in Germany, highlights of the collection include paintings by Sandro Botticelli, Johannes Vermeer and Johann Heinrich Wilhelm Tischbein's Goethe in the Roman Campagna<br />
<u>State Gallery in Stuttgart</u> - includes the Old and New State Gallery, the New State Gallery is a masterpiece of Post-modernist architecture and turned the once provincial gallery into one of Europa's leading museums<br />
<u>Übersee Museum in Bremen</u> - one of the most visited museums in Germany, houses a collection about natural history and ethnography<br />
<u>Wallraf-Richartz Museum in Cologne</u> - one of the most important art museum in Germany, oldest museum in Cologne<br />
<u>Westphalian State Museum of Art and Cultural History in Münster</u> - known for its special exhibitions<br />
<u>Württemberg State Museum in Stuttgart</u> - main history museum in Württemberg<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgelEM3XAutcxgn1nZRP9kuVjE7cmk2jaO_igJLSvafN8sLh7j0AsE77Ai0vUtHkASCPaLI4u2eoLewKRnLfzZ-5tPwFZbeHQNGt4ALTAIr5-EPn4veOJ6NciXau9Y2RS_BOh5pYjd_lXwG/s1600/2018+1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="575" data-original-width="662" height="173" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgelEM3XAutcxgn1nZRP9kuVjE7cmk2jaO_igJLSvafN8sLh7j0AsE77Ai0vUtHkASCPaLI4u2eoLewKRnLfzZ-5tPwFZbeHQNGt4ALTAIr5-EPn4veOJ6NciXau9Y2RS_BOh5pYjd_lXwG/s200/2018+1.jpg" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyYPpAncbOW6dHKKGH2mfPvuYX5HWuWPiU6w1luXZhrQmBOeeEOY8MdlP0DW3X6g1NYq5TTKPS_JkGHlhOoPRtROjBFqtpa2m4WE77zK9IuRIILAeANAWg7G_W42FcSgB1ByqpK8Vi2GxU/s1600/2018+2.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="695" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyYPpAncbOW6dHKKGH2mfPvuYX5HWuWPiU6w1luXZhrQmBOeeEOY8MdlP0DW3X6g1NYq5TTKPS_JkGHlhOoPRtROjBFqtpa2m4WE77zK9IuRIILAeANAWg7G_W42FcSgB1ByqpK8Vi2GxU/s200/2018+2.jpg" width="180" /></a></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQPP_57BGazM9ROZTSqFSP5dFsB0LW2ZzlTuxijG-4JIKH-JTGFr2nSDAa23JsmCJ_eoycVzKpuEKwYyNXn-lZMf26SFhKuoCOBQvmZ6Uk2noEhwF6uZQDJ8tTjo2jwm-5j_vJvQ4wzqn-/s1600/Bauhaus+Museum+Dessau.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="814" data-original-width="818" height="318" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQPP_57BGazM9ROZTSqFSP5dFsB0LW2ZzlTuxijG-4JIKH-JTGFr2nSDAa23JsmCJ_eoycVzKpuEKwYyNXn-lZMf26SFhKuoCOBQvmZ6Uk2noEhwF6uZQDJ8tTjo2jwm-5j_vJvQ4wzqn-/s320/Bauhaus+Museum+Dessau.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Bauhaus Museum Dessau</td></tr>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjko0A3s7pA-r_h2pMIcL7BeA9z9F8rGe3CmOllTJmBJwUZaXq6bnow5mRvls6mjE4NyfeQeGlvGiWf3QJLY7uEuFg83Ooz3C6EVIa725pWhFFlgAERQCSI0oCEd6x3fmJqHhKEaOVzLUXB/s1600/Dresden+State+Art+Collections.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1165" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjko0A3s7pA-r_h2pMIcL7BeA9z9F8rGe3CmOllTJmBJwUZaXq6bnow5mRvls6mjE4NyfeQeGlvGiWf3QJLY7uEuFg83Ooz3C6EVIa725pWhFFlgAERQCSI0oCEd6x3fmJqHhKEaOVzLUXB/s400/Dresden+State+Art+Collections.jpg" width="290" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Dresden State Art Collections</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkw__8dlHreAXV2die3fmZWD3gF6YybBEziEs2U-I7IVDsXYunhu6cGbKLk9InXy644dhvi7Alyq8Tvpn7QRbuQ7uMbkimnIz9kxcRZ09UvS6BvKcCt8YmhTSu1vs9f_vg-9HCZNK6NkHu/s1600/German+Museum+M%25C3%25BCnchen.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="351" data-original-width="530" height="211" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkw__8dlHreAXV2die3fmZWD3gF6YybBEziEs2U-I7IVDsXYunhu6cGbKLk9InXy644dhvi7Alyq8Tvpn7QRbuQ7uMbkimnIz9kxcRZ09UvS6BvKcCt8YmhTSu1vs9f_vg-9HCZNK6NkHu/s320/German+Museum+M%25C3%25BCnchen.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">German Museum in Munich</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwxrWOO56TjwP6PTpFynN2SKigONbcUekuGuMQaC6crAH9VhP3y5RRFlYx0Pc5WYTYIBZ368bLsZ91DDPr5B6nCUReo4SwF8qa3yj6hgzdOn6kH3uvsAhTrulLU4CwKZcuDj_YYhC8eqgv/s1600/German+Oceanographic+Museum+Stralsund.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="410" data-original-width="665" height="197" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwxrWOO56TjwP6PTpFynN2SKigONbcUekuGuMQaC6crAH9VhP3y5RRFlYx0Pc5WYTYIBZ368bLsZ91DDPr5B6nCUReo4SwF8qa3yj6hgzdOn6kH3uvsAhTrulLU4CwKZcuDj_YYhC8eqgv/s320/German+Oceanographic+Museum+Stralsund.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">German Oceanographic Museum in Stralsund</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQZHtF7txguR9AJHL5XjQtbJNF2cE5Jmsu5l6KmOAPfqJUBO6tkPPPYxmk4s_B3To9Jzwt3d7aduMcHGmrtVGJIeadnTQYSUyDV6jryxlXrrH9EnFqVMdjVWx6cbqpg87DsqRCsKiKDcQi/s1600/Haus+der+Geschichte+Bonn.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="625" data-original-width="426" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQZHtF7txguR9AJHL5XjQtbJNF2cE5Jmsu5l6KmOAPfqJUBO6tkPPPYxmk4s_B3To9Jzwt3d7aduMcHGmrtVGJIeadnTQYSUyDV6jryxlXrrH9EnFqVMdjVWx6cbqpg87DsqRCsKiKDcQi/s320/Haus+der+Geschichte+Bonn.jpg" width="217" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Haus der Geschichte in Bonn</td></tr>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh63aKXn1lI-ekD9ywbFWSW_bclRATeYTZLnqeCsOHUSnOgYXF5bNPoKsoAauot4sunSqBWGPTGr7WSNs8i0UwvqemTtyaYSNty_VRyrEuCFWKzqnFASOcYXS3bp-nnyClZ4mkv8Y1Oo6B4/s1600/Kunsthalle+Hamburg.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="414" data-original-width="416" height="318" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh63aKXn1lI-ekD9ywbFWSW_bclRATeYTZLnqeCsOHUSnOgYXF5bNPoKsoAauot4sunSqBWGPTGr7WSNs8i0UwvqemTtyaYSNty_VRyrEuCFWKzqnFASOcYXS3bp-nnyClZ4mkv8Y1Oo6B4/s320/Kunsthalle+Hamburg.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Kunsthalle Hamburg</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDMcc9GqkuenwnDHQgdfPF5cfebY6q9SYwyUU1YaeVpI-FvDBeLG8B4S2dAcJG6YnUy4pnfwQMJPrPrqdqsmn1wbnQcXsQA-_nDurheFZHmdhl3S-4GmULaZyjr49RLl7sETT_fdnM387c/s1600/Museum+Island+Berlin.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="324" data-original-width="531" height="195" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDMcc9GqkuenwnDHQgdfPF5cfebY6q9SYwyUU1YaeVpI-FvDBeLG8B4S2dAcJG6YnUy4pnfwQMJPrPrqdqsmn1wbnQcXsQA-_nDurheFZHmdhl3S-4GmULaZyjr49RLl7sETT_fdnM387c/s320/Museum+Island+Berlin.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Museum Island in Berlin</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYE8N16xIrwuAz1nCQFtYnpkRmv4APMd7eqgkVxShi3ha8u78azir1BfJLdqOl8TSZqKb1D3JE6TCtMm2KhgFz3AH4nNs6csW39eq6OgzfwcZQh8FPRvwA72_NBnP9sg1ZK2zAlVPHrhqh/s1600/Natural+History+Museum+in+Berlin.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="638" data-original-width="429" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYE8N16xIrwuAz1nCQFtYnpkRmv4APMd7eqgkVxShi3ha8u78azir1BfJLdqOl8TSZqKb1D3JE6TCtMm2KhgFz3AH4nNs6csW39eq6OgzfwcZQh8FPRvwA72_NBnP9sg1ZK2zAlVPHrhqh/s320/Natural+History+Museum+in+Berlin.jpg" width="215" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Natural History Museum in Berlin</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkWMAhKtjZuph_YAOEkhLsiC36Q8_K9IJTGB1B_D86AhnTdga8nyoLToAtFFRnLo2hUY529EYW5YD3stbSDVQ0pK46CqF1e2LoGBP7TKvp-z7V24ItFplp-DRjn6aBtcyFMmT0xao2qF1c/s1600/Naturmuseum+Senckenberg.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1126" data-original-width="1600" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkWMAhKtjZuph_YAOEkhLsiC36Q8_K9IJTGB1B_D86AhnTdga8nyoLToAtFFRnLo2hUY529EYW5YD3stbSDVQ0pK46CqF1e2LoGBP7TKvp-z7V24ItFplp-DRjn6aBtcyFMmT0xao2qF1c/s320/Naturmuseum+Senckenberg.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Naturmuseum Senckenberg in Frankfurt</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_64OO60_p5iuvvyphfkw5aGt4zm8PSf1Amo861_D5Eg15P4v71rPWqhd3FvLbOe9HH0gx0pwV2h9w13XAXz0SDUOPx4hJZ7KSHDrFsqdO32JajCzx69VbalObnHoF7bl9Om900bvU8ZC7/s1600/W%25C3%25BCrttemberg+State+Museum+in+Stuttgart.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="517" data-original-width="310" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_64OO60_p5iuvvyphfkw5aGt4zm8PSf1Amo861_D5Eg15P4v71rPWqhd3FvLbOe9HH0gx0pwV2h9w13XAXz0SDUOPx4hJZ7KSHDrFsqdO32JajCzx69VbalObnHoF7bl9Om900bvU8ZC7/s320/W%25C3%25BCrttemberg+State+Museum+in+Stuttgart.jpg" width="191" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Württemberg State Museum <br />
in Stuttgart</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br /></div></div>dustin15http://www.blogger.com/profile/12015554128978899257noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6937716955495315572.post-6513883572673107132020-02-16T13:51:00.000+01:002020-05-24T10:43:03.015+02:00The One Big Jubilee of 2020<div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
2020 is once again a year full of jubilees. On the page above you can find a small list of jubilees, which I think are noticeable, but the question about the one big jubilee is much more interesting, also when you look at stamps. 2017 had the Reformation, 2018 the End of World War I and 2019 the Moon Landing (and Gandhi). But what is the One for 2020? I was looking through the stamp programmes of some countries I collect and the three big jubilees you see very often are the 250th birthday of Ludwig van Beethoven, the 75th anniversary of the End of World War II and 75 years United Nations. To choose the One between these three I made a small list:</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_8LnRg7zkVXiCwHEJ4v2eVngwC96UFu5EDTj46ORRtUd07LnREecsNwvKruTbV5HJskWD3lPZWW7VIBvR0qs2codaaT8Eaf9NtI1rVwvl3HTGguz4o73ButONpAPB3kRzmRCidXONzh0A/s1600/Tabelle.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="238" data-original-width="1050" height="90" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_8LnRg7zkVXiCwHEJ4v2eVngwC96UFu5EDTj46ORRtUd07LnREecsNwvKruTbV5HJskWD3lPZWW7VIBvR0qs2codaaT8Eaf9NtI1rVwvl3HTGguz4o73ButONpAPB3kRzmRCidXONzh0A/s400/Tabelle.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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Notes: <i>These are by far not all countries, but just as I said some of the ones I collect and for which I found stamp programmes. Jersey, the Netherlands and the USA got an asterisk, because their programmes are not complete. Jersey and the Netherlands just announced the programmes for the first half of 2020 and the USA usually add some stamps to their programme during the year. Gibraltar got a question mark for Beethoven, as they plan a set about Birth Anniversaries in September, which might or might not include Beethoven. The World War II issues of Israel, Poland and Ukraine finally got an asterisk, because they do not commemorate the End of World War II, but something connected. Israel will get and Poland got a stamp about the camp liberation and Ukraine will get a "Never again" stamp.</i><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">EDIT:<i> The Birth Anniversaries set from Gibraltar was moved to March and will feature Beethoven along Florence Nightingale and Rosalind Franklin.</i></span><br />
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So with this list my personal winner is Beethoven and I already created a new page at the top, in which I will try to keep an updated list of all Beethoven stamps this year and show my collection of these stamps, although I will not try to get all of them. From time to time some of these stamps might also get extra posts, but I am not sure about that yet. World War II however will also not remain unnoticed here. I have already planned something for that.<br />
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So far Beethoven stamps were already released in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Serb Post), Germany, Guernsey, North Macedonia and Ukraine. Portugal will follow on 26th February. This is actually quite interesting, as Beethoven was just born at the end of 1770. Guernsey in fact planned something very interesting for the Beethoven Year, as they will issue four stamps at different dates, which will create a single image. Germany also issued or will issue the stamp in actually every possible form. A gummed version, a self-adhesive booklet and even a souvenir sheet were issued already on 2nd January and a self-adhesive coil will be issued in March. I am sure a prepaid envelope will also follow sometime this year. Also some special postmarks were already available and many more will surely follow. My favourite one so far is this one from Hiddenhausen, which highlights that Beethoven's 9th is actually used as Anthem of Europa.<br />
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<br />dustin15http://www.blogger.com/profile/12015554128978899257noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6937716955495315572.post-71099045163258813882019-12-29T20:14:00.000+01:002020-03-23T13:06:06.925+01:00My Favourite History Stamps of 2019<div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
For years I have selected <a href="https://stampcollectionatdustin.blogspot.com/p/my-favourite-stamps-2014.html"><span style="color: yellow;">my favourite stamps of each year</span></a> on my stamp blog and usually I was contented with my selection. This year however I think I had to exclude too many stamps from that list, mainly history connected stamps. In general my favourite theme for stamps are cartoons, children's books, movies and similar things and this year there were so many great stamps about these themes that there was not enough space for history stamps on the list. That is why I decided to choose My Favourite History Stamps as well and present them here. Below you now find my selection in descending order. What were your favourites?</div>
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<b>15. Centenary of the Women's Suffrage in Germany (Germany)</b></div>
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When this stamp was issued in January, it was on the top of my favourite stamp list for quite a while, but during the course of the year it went deeper and deeper and is now finally not among the Top 20. I still like it, but also here it just gets the poor last place. For everyone who is wondering, like I did when it was issued, the woman on the stamp is Marie Juchacz, a German social reformer, member of the Social Democratic Party and in 1919 the first ever female Reichstag member to address a German parliament.</div>
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<b>14. 450 years Union of Lublin (Poland)</b><br />
If I am not mistaken only two stamps were issued this year about European Heritage Label Sites. While I still not have the one about the <a href="https://theworldshistoryinpostcards.blogspot.com/2016/09/european-heritage-label-historic.html"><span style="color: yellow;">Historic Ensemble of the University of Tartu</span></a> from Estonia, I already have the Polish sheet about the <a href="https://theworldshistoryinpostcards.blogspot.com/2016/09/european-heritage-label-union-of-lublin.html"><span style="color: yellow;">Union of Lublin</span></a>. The scan really does not do justice to this beautiful sheet! It nicely combines the "real" history with "remembered" history. At the bottom it features a passage from the Act of the Union of Lublin, but the main part of the sheet shows a painting by Jan Matejko, which also includes a kneeling Marcin Zborowski. According to Wikipedia Zborowski was already dead in 1569.<br />
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<b>13. 500th death anniversary of Leonardo da Vinci (Vietnam)</b><br />
The 500th death anniversary of Leonardo da Vinci was one of the big jubilees of 2019, but honestly one I did not cared about much, not because I do not like it, but because I wanted to spend my time with Renaissance themes in 2021 (Dante, Dürer, Kepler anniversaries). Still I followed with interest the discussions about the da Vinci exhibition in Paris and also I actually saw one of his paintings, The Lady with an Ermine in Kraków. That is also one of the reasons why I put the Vietnamese stamp into this list, but not the only one. Most of the stamps issued for his jubilee either came in big sets (Italy, UK), were overpriced (France) or were real catch penny issues. Vietnam on the other hand issued just this nice decent set.<br />
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<b>12. 500th anniversary of the Beginning of Magellan's and Elcano's Circumnavigation of the Earth (Portugal and Spain)</b><br />
The Beginning of Magellan's Circumnavigation of the Earth was another big jubilee for this year, but also not my favourite one. These two sheets are actually more on this list as they are a joint issue and shaped than due to the theme.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5pQYRrbQHUUfRqpp1DW6eid9kAaiE0DSWoqRTpsJKWd7f-jh0o9DAIEjfMLyxCc-oFr5ASJtW0GPrXRMSDz8pDm1XWepGDcs_gost3cb3PjdH2EcnljG0kDP6xUJdn2TeDE-QrjINQyP-/s1600/4+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1073" data-original-width="1600" height="133" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5pQYRrbQHUUfRqpp1DW6eid9kAaiE0DSWoqRTpsJKWd7f-jh0o9DAIEjfMLyxCc-oFr5ASJtW0GPrXRMSDz8pDm1XWepGDcs_gost3cb3PjdH2EcnljG0kDP6xUJdn2TeDE-QrjINQyP-/s200/4+1.jpg" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiS3WmmeMhwNUh1xyoQqKYYHzTYoDTeLdPIsz5g_hyphenhyphenxSJHZK9NL8s0_9_Ene653Qo2XJNke61-0r9XJYuCipI3i-hB2UsveYdOAZS3MNks7wVQD29LGlunjbNsKLEYi8tJ_1BHVpbToS8r0/s1600/4+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1055" data-original-width="1600" height="131" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiS3WmmeMhwNUh1xyoQqKYYHzTYoDTeLdPIsz5g_hyphenhyphenxSJHZK9NL8s0_9_Ene653Qo2XJNke61-0r9XJYuCipI3i-hB2UsveYdOAZS3MNks7wVQD29LGlunjbNsKLEYi8tJ_1BHVpbToS8r0/s200/4+2.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
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<b>11. Upright Democrats - Fritz Bauer (Germany)</b><br />
The German Fritz Bauer stamp was one I was really looking forward to this year. He is an interesting person and even <a href="https://postcardsblogatdustin.blogspot.com/2019/12/germany-fritz-bauer-in-braunschweig.html"><span style="color: yellow;">connected to my home town</span></a>. Easily this stamp might have been on the top of this list or even the main list if not the German Post decided to make it a 2,70€ stamp. Who actually needs this value? I definitely do not. Still it is a nice stamp.<br />
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<b>10. Madame de Maintenon (France)</b><br />
The Reign of King Louis XIV of France is among my favourite themes, so a stamp about his wife really needed to make it on this list, also because it is a special formed one.<br />
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<b>9. 80th anniversary of the creation of the Polish Underground State (Poland)</b><br />
To be honest four months ago I have not heard anything about the Polish Underground State. Luckily during my trip to Kraków there was an open air exhibition across the city which dealed with the early years of this very interesting organisation during World War II. This is definitely a theme I want to learn more about in the next time.<br />
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<b>8. Emperor Charles V (Austria and Luxembourg)</b><br />
Here is another joint issue of souvenir sheets. Not only do I really like this issue, but it also includes a small <a href="https://theworldshistoryinpostcards.blogspot.com/2019/12/a-mystery-about-charles-v-in-2019.html"><span style="color: yellow;">mystery</span></a> I tried to solve.<br />
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<b>7. Centenary of the Weimar Constitution (Germany)</b><br />
Actually after World War I in 2018 and planned World War II for 2020 I wanted to delve into the Interwar Period this year. Due to <span style="color: yellow;"><a href="https://theworldshistoryinpostcards.blogspot.com/2019/10/the-future-of-this-blog.html"><span style="color: yellow;">some reasons</span></a> </span>I did not do that, but still I am working on a post about the Weimar Republic, which I will hopefully publish early next year. Honestly I am not sure, why the German Post often issues text stamps for important jubilees (they already did it for the National Anthem and the German Unity), but I think its easier and safer than trying to find a picture. Also for a constitution this might actually be the best you can do. I still especially like the stamp in combination with this special postmark.<br />
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<b>6. 500th death anniversary of Emperor Maximilian I (Austria)</b><br />
Maximilian I really sweetened my summer, as during my summer holidays I visited some awesome special exhibitions about him in Augsburg and Innsbruck. These exhibitions were representative for so many interesting exhibitions and museums I visited this year. Also I like the plainness of this stamp.<br />
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<b>5. Singapore Bicentennial (Singapore)</b><br />
Colonial history and especially early globalisation are currently among my favourite history themes. The set about the Singapore Bicentennial nicely captures this theme. In addition to that Singapore is one of my dream destination and I really like the design of this set. You can see the complete set on <a href="https://stampcollectionatdustin.blogspot.com/2019/11/singapore-bicentennial.html"><span style="color: yellow;">my stamp blog</span></a>.<br />
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<b>4. 450th death anniversary of Pieter Bruegel the Elder (Belgium)</b><br />
Pieter Bruegel the Elder is my favourite artist and I really hoped that for his 450th death anniversary some stamps would be issued, but unlike for Leonardo there are unfortunately only such stamps in Belgium. Also I did not see any of his pictures this year, although I already saw some of them in Brussels and Vienna some years ago including prominently The Fall of the Rebel Angels, for which I saw an interesting virtual exhibition in Brussels and which is also shown on the Belgian sheet. This year I only saw two paintings of his son <a href="https://postcardsblogatdustin.blogspot.com/2019/12/germany-brueghel-at-herzog-anton-ulrich.html"><span style="color: yellow;">in my home town</span></a> and in Kraków. The one from Kraków was recently even shown on a <a href="https://stampcollectionatdustin.blogspot.com/2019/12/european-art-in-polish-collections.html"><span style="color: yellow;">stamp</span></a>.<br />
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<b>3. 150th anniversary of the Transcontinental Railroad (USA)</b><br />
Especially at the beginning of the year railway history was something that really interested me. Unfortunately it was replaced by other things for the rest of the year just to come back again in recent weeks. Earlier this year I even thought about starting a train stamp collection, but never did so. A train stamp set still deserves a place on this list, my favourite history-themed one however is not from Europa but from the USA. The gold applications are unfortunately not visible very well on the scan.<br />
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<b>2. 50 years Moon Landing (Faroe Islands)</b></div>
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The biggest jubilee for this year is definitely the 50th anniversary of the Moon Landing and a stamp about it needs to be on this list. My favourite issue about the theme comes from <a href="https://stampcollectionatdustin.blogspot.com/2019/08/austrias-glowing-moon-landing-sheet.html"><span style="color: yellow;">Austria</span></a>, as it glows in the dark, but for this list I decided to choose the stamp from the Faroe Islands. It beautifully shows the fascination of this event and its impact on the people even in the remotest regions. <a href="https://theworldshistoryinpostcards.blogspot.com/p/50-years-moon-landing.html"><span style="color: yellow;">Here</span></a> you can see my complete collection of Moon Landing stamps.</div>
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<b>Honourable Mention: 60 years Asterix (France)</b><br />
If it commemorates a jubilee it is a history stamp, right? This stamp from France, which I like very much, clearly celebrates a jubilee, but I still hesitate to add it to this list as full contestant. If I would it would probably be the first place, but so it is now just a honourable mention.<br />
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<b>1. Birth Bicentenary of Queen Victoria (United Kingdom)</b><br />
In 2019 I am actually a bit ashamed of choosing a stamp set of from the island for the first place, but just look at this beautiful stamp set about Queen Victoria. Victoria was already shown on dozens of stamps during her reign, but interestingly she was rarely on any stamp since her death (if you exclude stamps featuring the Penny Black or Blue Mauritius). That was clearly compensated for this year. The selection of paintings for the stamps is great and I also very much like the sheet about Prince Albert, especially the stamp with the Crystal Palace.<br />
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<br />dustin15http://www.blogger.com/profile/12015554128978899257noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6937716955495315572.post-57481827882546686882019-12-24T12:37:00.000+01:002020-05-17T13:53:27.345+02:00A Mystery about Charles V in 2019<div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
Charles V (1500-1558) was the ruler of an empire on which the sun never sets. Apart from being Holy Roman Emperor he was also Archduke of Austria, King of Spain (Castile and Aragon) and Duke of Burgundy. As King of Spain he was also ruler of the southern Italian kingdoms of Naples, Sicily, and Sardinia and the Spanish colonies in the Americas. He was a proponent of the idea of an universal monarchy and tried to unify the European princes against the Ottoman enemy. His plans however were undermined by both the Reformation and the opposition of France. In 1557 Charles retired to the Monastery of Yuste in Extremadura. His Empire was divided between his son (Spanish Habsburgs) and brother (Austrian Habsburgs). </div>
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500 years ago Charles V became Archduke of Austria. To commemorate this jubilee and the Multilaterale stamp exhibition both Austria and Luxembourg issued a beautiful miniature sheet on 8th November 2019. The sheet shows a painting of Emperor Charles V by Jakob Seisenegger shown in the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna. Beside the years of his reign and life the sheet also include the quote "Quot linguas calles, tot homines vales" ("How many languages you speak, that many people you are worth") and the flags of the countries, which took part in the Multilaterale stamp exhibition. The text is printed with gold plating. </div>
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Luckily I was able to get the Austrian sheet on a matching postcard. While looking at both back and front side of this card, I noticed an interesting difference between the original painting as shown on the card and the sheet. Do you see it?<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjO0rdnXasvCJ06qG2RFfDiTd9khwurDbKDwjlNaJtQsX-yLPx_YLZozQaMPcBiLKopJSqRkKtXKAF1L53zndyLov9phqtj6K3CnepFCeQCAOpBaMT3dPqTF141WTjJCLeAE2whvrb-Ef90/s1600/3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1128" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjO0rdnXasvCJ06qG2RFfDiTd9khwurDbKDwjlNaJtQsX-yLPx_YLZozQaMPcBiLKopJSqRkKtXKAF1L53zndyLov9phqtj6K3CnepFCeQCAOpBaMT3dPqTF141WTjJCLeAE2whvrb-Ef90/s400/3.jpg" width="281" /></a></div>
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In the blank space at the upper right corner of the original painting the sheet shows a map. Since I saw it I was wondering where this map comes from. At first I thought that the sheet might show a different version of the painting, but all versions I found on the Internet lacked the map as well. A closer look at the map reveals that it is probably not from the 16th century as the painting. At the end I finally found the map that was used on the sheet on Wikimedia Commons (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Europa_1519.JPG"><span style="color: yellow;">here</span></a>). It originates from the Historischer Schulatlas (historic atlas for schools) from the late 19th century. With this question answered there is now actually another one: Why was this map chosen? Especially as this part of the map does not show Luxembourg? The answer probably only knows the designer of the sheet, but I guess they just did not wanted to keep the blank space on the sheet.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhd44wzSudNUpFvqov-RupsbPrZitUYY-wvTvR5zmyJWjUUXQ98P3gaKGu0S9JoJjBRkJrAtD33GhyphenhyphencT8Jj6G4N2t8KrEQW1frDsvg2q8IWGnaQaDAyC_hjB_Bq86hcZYInOKAVUfQWp6b9/s1600/4.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1275" data-original-width="1600" height="318" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhd44wzSudNUpFvqov-RupsbPrZitUYY-wvTvR5zmyJWjUUXQ98P3gaKGu0S9JoJjBRkJrAtD33GhyphenhyphencT8Jj6G4N2t8KrEQW1frDsvg2q8IWGnaQaDAyC_hjB_Bq86hcZYInOKAVUfQWp6b9/s400/4.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />dustin15http://www.blogger.com/profile/12015554128978899257noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6937716955495315572.post-22216931236752114952019-10-16T16:50:00.001+02:002019-10-20T13:52:30.038+02:00The Future of this BlogFirst of all, sorry for not posting for such a long time! I actually planned so much for this year and also already for the next, but somehow I did not managed to write any of the planned posts. The reason for that is not only that I did not have enough time for writing, which I really did not have, but in fact there were three main reasons which kept me from writing:<br />
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<li>I had changed the theme of this blog from World to European history, because I thought it would be easier. But it was not, as I now got a question which I still can not answer. What is European history? In the mean time I decided on three different definitions: <br />1. The European history is the product of the histories of all European countries. (That is what I tried to create with the Index, but which instantly raises the question whether some events in one country are important enough for a "European history") <br />2. The European history is formed by events and movements which had an impact on the complete continent. (This seemed to make more sense, but I am often not sure which things should be included then and which not.) <br />3. The European history is everything that created the Europa of today and/or which might help to create a common European identity. (This is what I like the most, but I am still failing to find some good book which follows this idea without just excluding everything before the 19th century)<br />As I am still working on that, I really do not want to invest time in things which I might need to remove later on when they might not fit anymore. Due to that some things I planned were already cancelled.</li>
<li>I had created the Index, because I wanted something to work off. The creation of this Index took some time, but still not enough time, as I often find new things that I want to include. Sometimes it is very easy to include them in what I already have, but sometimes one new thing opens a gate for many, many new things which can not be included easily. In fact the Index is very oriented on political and cultural history, as these are the things that interest me the most. Nonetheless I still think that there are many things that need to be included for a "complete" "European history" without being able to do that properly. This also leads directly to the last reason.</li>
<li>I really do not have enough time for everything and even worse I am also not interested in everything, not even in everything on the Index. But this unfortunately makes some/many of the posts short, badly constructed and sometimes maybe even (unplanned) biased. Which really does not do justice to some of history's great themes.</li>
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To cut a long story short, I decided that I do not want to keep working off the Index. I began this blog to have fun with history, but during the last year it merely became an obstacle in having that. In the future I will return to writing mainly shorter and deeper posts (like essays and tidbits) about themes that really interest me with the hope to make this blog more spontaneous, up-to-date and also interesting for readers. I am really sorry that I am once again doing a complete somersault, especially as the last one was not so long ago, but for the moment I prefer it that way. Still I also will keep the pile of fragments I created in the last years. This will also include the old Index, as I still think that it is actually a nice work result, but just not what it was supposed to be. Once again I can just say, <i>Stay tuned</i> and this time I really hope that there will be some nice things for you to read in the future.<br />
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dustin15http://www.blogger.com/profile/12015554128978899257noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6937716955495315572.post-23561241532490669172019-04-12T12:00:00.000+02:002020-04-07T18:03:47.232+02:00The Bauhaus Connection (Germany, Israel, Japan, Netherlands)<div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
2019 marks the centenary of the foundation of the Bauhaus. Although the Bauhaus was just a small part of the modern architecture movement in Europa, it is still interested to see how many famous examples of modern architecture have a connection to the Bauhaus or one of its architects. Therefore the modern architecture is here captioned with The Bauhaus Connection. As architectural history is not one of my main themes, I mainly oriented myself by the UNESCO World Heritage List. If you think that I have missed any important example of European pre-war modern architecture in this post please tell me in a comment.</div>
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<i>While preparing this post I realised that I still miss things about some famous example of modern architecture in my collection. If anybody could help me with stamps or postcards about these things I would love to swap: Chapelle Notre-Dame-du-Haut de Ronchamp, Complexe du Capitole in Chandigarh, Musterhaus am Horn in Weimar, Neues Frankfurt, Tugendhat Villa in Brno, Unité d’habitation in Marseille.</i></div>
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Walter Gropius, who later founded the Bauhaus, was born in 1883 in Berlin. His great-uncle was the architect Martin Gropius, who is famous for his representative buildings in the style of the Historism. At the age of twenty, in 1903, Walter Gropius began his studies of architecture in Berlin, which he continued in Munich in 1906, but which he terminated without graduation in 1908. His biggest problem was the drawing of blueprints.</div>
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Nonetheless Gropius was able to begin working at the architect's office of Peter Behrens in the same year. Peter Behrens was known for his industrial buildings and is today considered as the first industrial designer in history, as he designed the entire corporate identity for the Allgemeine Elektrizitäts-Gesellschaft (AEG). His most famous building is the AEG Turbine Factory in Berlin. Beside this, Behrens' importance for the modern architecture is also justified by his architect's office, which became a working place for many now World-famous young architects. These architects include beside Walter Gropius also Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Le Corbusier and Adolf Meyer.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikeFrUUHlCA1aRMRUzrnGd23lIBUcXd5X4_BJysYzeMdRkC-6xDmYJeO9lcK9NjoADMm2FxWdk27suDyygi09PSmBeq7sXiBwarjNP1x9x4INjY2PVC-9eKDnUVEZttPsqgIaT8zlrg-oW/s1600/1900+Peter+Behrens.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="677" data-original-width="557" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikeFrUUHlCA1aRMRUzrnGd23lIBUcXd5X4_BJysYzeMdRkC-6xDmYJeO9lcK9NjoADMm2FxWdk27suDyygi09PSmBeq7sXiBwarjNP1x9x4INjY2PVC-9eKDnUVEZttPsqgIaT8zlrg-oW/s320/1900+Peter+Behrens.jpg" width="263" /></a></div>
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After working for Peter Behrens for two years, Walter Gropius went into business for himself in 1910. The most famous building of this early independent period is the Fagus Factory, a shoe last factory in the small town of Alfeld in modern day Lower Saxony. It was commissioned by its owner Carl Benscheidt and was designed by Walter Gropius together with Adolf Meyer between 1911 and 1925. It is considered to be a landmark in the development of modern architecture and industrial design and still today it is used for the production of shoe lasts, although also a museum was established in a part of the complex and although it is on the UNESCO World Heritage List since 2011.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0fQvgPHjwH2G8m_wlieYjsQMIqpB93lIa4_L6hPt52zY6G7lbMhRmWn0mRIMkksIDf-rrFdLqucW8ZrTyPdp5HNQMbdeY1IvgAu2dRzeJ3EJovz_9UrLx1096V2DuQ3RQuheNgUjJMJLS/s1600/1911+Fagus+Werk+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="611" data-original-width="767" height="254" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0fQvgPHjwH2G8m_wlieYjsQMIqpB93lIa4_L6hPt52zY6G7lbMhRmWn0mRIMkksIDf-rrFdLqucW8ZrTyPdp5HNQMbdeY1IvgAu2dRzeJ3EJovz_9UrLx1096V2DuQ3RQuheNgUjJMJLS/s320/1911+Fagus+Werk+1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiG0ZlhzKsS0957gfx-Ekg13cB-dy92oCcNBFntup7vwGC9LtE0IsAFRjofPn3KJZimHGERI3qTNXQcGhtgARxinyZMLY2dDk70D2yeZgXPZ56iS-HvK7qO0Go3xJNL0rqS-PpcoZd1YrCu/s1600/1911+Fagus+Werk+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1141" data-original-width="1600" height="285" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiG0ZlhzKsS0957gfx-Ekg13cB-dy92oCcNBFntup7vwGC9LtE0IsAFRjofPn3KJZimHGERI3qTNXQcGhtgARxinyZMLY2dDk70D2yeZgXPZ56iS-HvK7qO0Go3xJNL0rqS-PpcoZd1YrCu/s400/1911+Fagus+Werk+2.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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In 1917 a movement of artists and architects emerged in the Dutch of Leiden, which would later have an important influence on the architecture of the Bauhaus - De Stijl. Proponents of De Stijl advocated pure abstraction and universality by a reduction to the essentials of form and colour. Theo van Doesburg, one of the movement's most important members, later even moved to Weimar. Without a permanent position at the Bauhaus he still held architectural lectures and influenced the students and professors.<br />
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The most famous example of the De Stijl architecture is the Rietveld Schröder House in Utrecht. It was commissioned by Ms Truus Schröder-Schräder as family house and was designed by the architect Gerrit Thomas Rietveld. It was built in 1924.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEga2aNZfRP9GDa87z9EjEAyvtoQdFpmZSbwVaip2MM779OnU9eMfVvO_AV-V3_Pl6T2DkKpTyfFMPncwT0ILDJnp2ub0qwY7oWlr0Ow45D_TGAjt2FDm84MWJH64Iknzdb8MBPeHa_3UIRI/s1600/1917+De+Stijl+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1108" data-original-width="1600" height="276" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEga2aNZfRP9GDa87z9EjEAyvtoQdFpmZSbwVaip2MM779OnU9eMfVvO_AV-V3_Pl6T2DkKpTyfFMPncwT0ILDJnp2ub0qwY7oWlr0Ow45D_TGAjt2FDm84MWJH64Iknzdb8MBPeHa_3UIRI/s400/1917+De+Stijl+2.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2000</td></tr>
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In 1919 the Weimar Saxon Grand Ducal Art School and the Weimar Academy of Fine Art were merged to form a new school. The school became known as Bauhaus and Walter Gropius became its first director. The Bauhaus soon gathered outstanding architects, artists, craftsman and designers. Its aim was to unite art and craft and shape and function for the creation of a functional total artwork for the mankind in the industrial age. Based on the fundamental courses (Josef Albers, Johannes Itten, Laszlo Moholy-Nagy) the Bauhaus offered for example courses in printing (Lyonel Feininger), pottery making (Gerhard Marcks), weaving (Georg Muche), mural art (Wassily Wandinsky), glass painting (Paul Klee) and sculpting (Oskar Schlemmer). The students, which included many foreigners and women, were encouraged to become both artists and craftsmen.<br />
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Due to the pressure of conservative parts in the Thuringian government the Bauhaus had to present its first exhibition in 1923. Although the professors thought it would be too early, the exhibition became a success. The main product of the exhibition was the Musterhaus am Horn, the first real Bauhaus-style building which was created as collaboration of the different courses.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJywbW4ioGX73sr2XX6x6KZ5jlKsDGTDI3wPZa42ZsvtgHNnwdkyt3ftO9f92C3lXzcESRonTeXHDM2e84KnfTrdECwbNWtEu7vXIssGaMuTTeyx4-FCLWk2d4VaK5p7RL0Hc0c26AsJ0t/s1600/1923+Bauhaus+Ausstellung.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1113" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJywbW4ioGX73sr2XX6x6KZ5jlKsDGTDI3wPZa42ZsvtgHNnwdkyt3ftO9f92C3lXzcESRonTeXHDM2e84KnfTrdECwbNWtEu7vXIssGaMuTTeyx4-FCLWk2d4VaK5p7RL0Hc0c26AsJ0t/s320/1923+Bauhaus+Ausstellung.jpg" width="222" /></a></div>
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Also after the exhibition the pressure of the Thuringian government did not decrease, in fact they even reduced the funding in 1924 and terminated the professors' contracts for 1925, which forced the Bauhaus to find a new home. This new home was found in Dessau, which had a liberal city council and where the aircraft manufacturer Hugo Junkers offered financial help. In Dessau the Bauhaus had its heyday. There many new pieces of furniture were designed and the cooperation with the industry began. Also the most famous Bauhaus-style buildings, the Bauhaus Building and the Masters' Houses, were built in Dessau.<br />
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In 1927 Walter Gropius designed two houses for the Weissenhof Estate in Stuttgart. The Weissenhof Estate was built for the Deutscher Werkbund exhibition and was an international showcase of modern architecture. All together it included 21 houses, which were designed by 17 European architects. The estate in Stuttgart became the first in a series of six, which are currently trying to get the European Heritage Label (EDIT: They got the label in 2019!).<br />
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Another famous architect who was involved in the Weissenhof Estate was Le Corbusier. In 2016 17 projects by Le Corbusier in seven countries were inscribed in the UNESCO World Heritage List as The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier, an Outstanding Contribution to the Modern Movement.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">One of Le Corbusier's two houses at the Weissenhof Estate</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Le Corbusier's National Museum of Western Art in Tokyo</td></tr>
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In 1928 Walter Gropius resigned as director of the Bauhaus. The new director became the Swiss architect Hannes Meyer. Meyer intensified the cooperation with the industry and focused more on architecture. One of the most famous buildings designed by Hannes Meyer is the ADGB Trade Union School in Bernau bei Berlin.<br />
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One of the big problems of the Weimar Republic was the acute shortage of affordable housing. During Hannes Meyer's time as director the Bauhaus took part in a project in Dessau, which tried to produce relief - the Dessau-Törten Housing Estate. It was conceived as a solution for cost-effective mass housing.<br />
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Another important modern housing estate of that time was the Großsiedlung Siemensstadt, which was built with the participation of Walter Gropius in Berlin between 1929 and 1931. Unlike the other significant public housing projects of the time, which were produced under government sponsorship, the Siemensstadt was constructed by a private housing cooperative as worker housing for Siemens' nearby electrical factory. The Siemensstadt is the youngest of the six Berlin Modernism Housing Estates, which are on the UNESCO World Heritage List since 2008.<br />
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After Hannes Meyer had become the new director, he shifted the orientation of the school further to the left than it had been under Gropius, which resulted in conflicts with Dessau's city council. In 1930 Meyer was fired by the city's mayor. His successor became Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, but at this time the days of the Bauhaus were already numbered. In 1932 the NSDAP gained control in the city council and proceeded to close the Bauhaus. Rohe tried to save the school by moving it to Berlin and privatising it, but after the Nazi seizure of power the school was forced to voluntarily shut down.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">New National Gallery in Berlin (built after the war)</td></tr>
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But the closure of the school did not bring an end to its ideas. In fact it even helped to spread them, as in the following time many members of the school emigrated. Walter Gropius and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe for example went to the USA, where they continued their teachings, and Hannes Meyer went to the Soviet Union. As many of the students were Jews, many of them later also went to Israel, where they created the White City of Tel Aviv. Still until today the Bauhaus influences architecture, art and design and during a jubilee year like 2019 this becomes even clearer again.<br />
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<br />dustin15http://www.blogger.com/profile/12015554128978899257noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6937716955495315572.post-9744602702879790962018-12-31T14:44:00.000+01:002018-12-31T14:44:32.347+01:00Karl Marx' Life and Legacy (China, Germany, Russia, Vietnam)<div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
Karl Marx was born in Trier on the 5th May 1818 as the third of nine children of his parents. His parents were Jews, but converted to the Protestantism, as the father would otherwise have occupational problems. Between 1830 and 1835 he attended a Gymnasium in Trier, before he began his studies in Bonn and Berlin. Although actually studying law, he also often attended historical and philosophical lectures. During his studies he came in contact with the Young Hegelians, who were especially known for their critique of the Prussian political system and who expected more political change as part of a historical process. In 1841 a philosophical doctorate was conferred on Marx by the University of Jena. Actually he hoped to start an academic career, but due to his work with the Young Hegelians the Prussian state prevented this. Instead he began to work as editor for the oppositional Rheinische Zeitung, but had to stop this work as well due to the Prussian censorship.</div>
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In 1843 he married Jenny von Westphalen and together they moved to Paris, where Marx again worked as editor for a newspaper. In Paris he also began to proceed to the Communism and his life-long friendship with Friedrich Engels began. Due to Prussian pressure Marx had to leave Paris in 1845 and settled in Brussels. In 1846 Marx and Engels founded the Communist Correspondence Committee, which planned the cooperation of various Communist groups in Europa and which was merged with another organisation to form the Communist League in 1847. In the revolutionary year 1848 Marx and Engels published the famous Communist Manifesto for the league, which summarises Marx and Engels' theories concerning the nature of society and politics. During the revolutions Marx moved from Brussels to Paris, onwards to Cologne, back to Paris and finally to his exile in London, where he worked as journalist and where he stayed until the end of his life. In London he created A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy (1859) and Das Kapital (1867-1883) and contributed to the foundation of the First International in 1864. In his last he was often sick, but still was in contact to many leading Communists and Labour Leader in America and Europa also after the First International was dissolved in 1876. On 2nd December 1881 Jenny Marx died and on 14th March 1883 her husband followed her in the grave.<br />
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Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels were the most important figures of the Communism and thus they had a tremendous influence on the history of the 20th century especially in China and the Eastern Bloc. He has often been described as one of the most influential figures in human history, although his work has been both lauded and criticised.<br />
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Around the World there were and still are many Marx memorial sites. In Eastern Germany for example the city of Chemnitz was known as Karl-Marx-Stadt and there were many memorials for Marx including the famous ones in Berlin and Chemnitz. To commemorate Marx' 200th birthday in 2018 the People's Republic of China sponsored a new Marx memorial for Trier, which was even shown on a Chinese stamp.<br />
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Other Marx stamps in 2018 were also issued in Germany, Kyrgyzstan, Russia and Vietnam. Interestingly the German stamp of 2018 is already the second stamp of the Federal Republic after one issued during the heyday of the Cold War in 1968.<br />
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<br />dustin15http://www.blogger.com/profile/12015554128978899257noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6937716955495315572.post-87559833366360443182018-12-24T11:43:00.000+01:002018-12-24T11:43:34.942+01:00Music and Culture in Salzburg (Austria)<div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
The Prince-Archbishopric of Salzburg was an ecclesiastical principality and state of the Holy Roman Empire, which comprised the secular territory ruled by the archbishops of Salzburg. The Diocese of Salzburg was already founded on Bavarian territory in the 8th century, but it needed until the 13th century to gain political autonomy. Around 1600 Salzburg was one of the richest German States. Its autonomy Salzburg was able to maintain until the chaotic times at the beginning of the 19th century. In 1803 Salzburg was secularised and became an electorate under the former Grand Duke of Tuscany. In 1805 it became a part of Austria and in 1809 it became a part of Bavaria, before it ultimately lost its autonomy after the Congress of Vienna. Since then is Salzburg a part of Austria. Today it forms one of the nine states of Austria.</div>
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Especially the City of Salzburg, as capital of the Prince-Archbishopric, became an important cultural centre under the archbishops. It was the point where the Italian and German cultures met and which played a crucial role in the exchanges between these two cultures. In 1996 the Historic Centre of the City of Salzburg was one of the first two Austrian sites to be added to the UNESCO World Heritage List.</div>
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In 1756 Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born in Salzburg. One of the most famous Austrians was thus not a real Austrian but a Salzburgian. Together with his older sister Maria Anna "Nannerl" Mozart he got music lessons from their father very early and soon he was considered to be a musical child genius, who later went on to become one of the most influential composers of the Classical era. In his childhood he made many voyages in Europa, but used to live in Salzburg. A patron and employer of Mozart was Hieronymus von Colloredo, the Prince-Archbishop of Salzburg. Annoyed with Mozart's frequent absences he later dismissed him and in 1781 Mozart moved from Salzburg to Vienna, where he worked as freelance composer and where he also died impoverished in 1791.<br />
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When Salzburg had already lost its autonomy, another exceptional musical history began in the Salzburgian town of Oberndorf. On 24th December 1818 Franz Xaver Gruber and Joseph Mohr performed the Christmas carol Silent Night for the first time in the local Saint Nicholas' Church. Mohr had written its text already in 1816 and Gruber composed the melody shortly before Christmas 1818. Soon after its first performance it began to be spread around the World and until today it was translated into more than 300 languages.<br />
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In 2011 Silent Night became an Intangible Heritage of the Austrian UNESCO and it was also proposed for the European Heritage Label.<br />
A special memorial for the carol is the Silent Night Chapel in Oberndorf. It was built at the site of the former Saint Nicholas' Church, which had to be demolished after it was damaged during the floodings of the Salzach in the late 19th century. The Silent Night Chapel was built between 1924 and 1936 and is today a popular tourist destination.<br />
Of the original autographs of Gruber and Mohr only a few survived until today, but one of them is kept in Salzburg.<br />
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<br />dustin15http://www.blogger.com/profile/12015554128978899257noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6937716955495315572.post-6376187571508978252018-11-11T11:11:00.000+01:002019-01-31T19:22:30.395+01:001918: 第一次世界大戦 and Primul Război Mondial (Australia, Belgium, Canada, Germany, Ireland, Montenegro, New Zealand, Portugal, Turkey, United Kingdom, USA)<div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
<b>8th January -</b> Woodrow Wilson outlines his Fourteen Points in a speech to the United States Congress.</div>
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The Fourteen Points of Woodrow Wilson were a statement of principles for peace that Wilson regarded as the only possible basis of an enduring peace. They included the self-determination of the nations, the liberation of occupied territories and the formation of a general association of nations. The Central Powers soon refused the Fourteen Points and the Entente countries were anyway skeptical of the applicability of the Wilsonian idealism, but Woodrow Wilson was still awarded the 1919 Nobel Peace Prize for his peace-making efforts.</div>
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<b>25th January -</b> The Ukrainian People's Republic declares its independence from Russia.<br />
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<b>1st February -</b> Beginning of the Cattaro Mutiny<br />
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The SMS Sankt Georg was an armoured cruiser of the Austro-Hungarian Navy. On 1st February 1918 the Cattaro Mutiny began on this ship, that was later joined by sailors from around 40 other Austro-Hungarian ships in the Cattaro naval base. The sailors had grown weary of the war and the long periods of inactivity and demanded a better treatment, political change and an imminent peace, but already on 3rd February the mutiny was suppressed. The SMS Sankt Georg was decommissioned after the mutiny and awarded to Britain as a war prize after the war. In 1920 it was scrapped.<br />
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<b>9th February -</b> The Ukrainian People's Republic and the Central Powers sign the "Brotfrieden" (peace for bread), which secured food-supply support for the Austro-Hungarian and the German Empire in return for providing military protection for the Ukrainian People's Republic.<br />
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<b>10th February -</b> Leon Trotsky stops the peace negotiations in Brest-Litovsk. The Central Powers answer with a quite successful offensive against Russia, which forces Trotsky to continue the negotiations on the 26th February.<br />
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<b>3rd March -</b> Russia and the Central Powers sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, which ended Russia's participation in World War I. The treaty, which was extraordinarily harsh, also renounced all Russian territorial claims in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bessarabia (which became a part of Romania), Estonia, Finland, Georgia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and Ukraine. Doing so Russia hoped to get some relief from further invasion to protect the "success" of the revolution.<br />
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<b>21st March -</b> Beginning of Operation Michael, the first major German military offensive as part of the Spring Offensive of 1918 on the Western Front<br />
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<b>30th March -</b> Around 12000 Azerbaijanis are killed by Armenian and Bolshevik forces during the March Events until the 2nd April.<br />
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<b>1st April -</b> Formation of the Royal Air Force<br />
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Although the air plane was both quite young when World War I broke out, it played an important role during the war. The main tasks of the aircrafts were recce flights, air combats and sometimes also the bombing of enemy positions or cities. On 1st April 1918 the United Kingdom became the first country in the World with an independent air force, when the Royal Flying Corps and the Royal Naval Air Service were merged to create the Royal Air Force. Earlier the Royal Flying Corps was under army and the Royal Naval Air Service under navy control. At that time it was also the World's largest air force.<br />
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<b>6th April -</b> The city of Van comes again under Ottoman rule.<br />
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In 1915 the city of Van was one of the few places where Armenians with the support of the Imperial Russian Army fought against the Ottoman Empire's armed forces during the Armenian Genocide. The city was afterwards under Armenian control, but the Russian Revolution of 1917 changed the situation in the region. In April 1918 the Ottoman Army started to attack again and on 6th April Van was again under Ottoman control.<br />
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<b>9th April -</b> Beginning of the Battle of the Lys<br />
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The Battle of the Lys, which is also known as Operation Georgette or Fourth Battle of Flanders, was the second part of the German Spring Offensive. It was fought between the 9th and 29th April. In the battle the German Empire tried to capture Ypres, but that failed and the battle ended with an Entente victory.<br />
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<b>7th May -</b> Romania and the Central Powers sign the Peace Treaty of Bucharest.<br />
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<b>22nd May -</b> Beginning of the Battle of Sardarabad, which stopped the Ottoman advance into Armenia and which is also considered to have prevented the complete destruction of the Armenian nation<br />
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<b>27th May -</b> Beginning of the Third Battle of the Aisne, the again unsuccessful third part of the German Spring Offensive<br />
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<b>4th June -</b> The Ottoman Empire and the newly independent countries Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia sign the Treaty of Batum, which grants big territorial gains to the Ottoman Empire.<br />
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<b>10th June -</b> The SMS Szent István, the most modern Austro-Hungarian battleship, is sunk during an attempt to break through Otranto Barrage, which prohibited the Austro-Hungarian Navy from leaving the Adriatic Sea.<br />
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<b>15th June -</b> Beginning of the Second Battle of the Piave River, the last Austro-Hungarian attempt to defeat Italy, but which instead resulted in a decisive Italian victory<br />
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<b>3rd July -</b> The Ottoman Sultan Mehmed V dies.<br />
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<b>15th July -</b> Beginning of the Second Battle of the Marne, the last part of the German Spring Offensive<br />
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<b>16th July -</b> The Russian Imperial Romanov family is executed on the night of the 16th July.<br />
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<b>8th August -</b> Beginning of the Battle of Amiens and the Hundred Days Offensive<br />
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The Battle of Amiens was fought by the British Empire, France and the USA against the German Empire between the 8th and the 12th August 1918. The battle ended with a decisive Allied victory. It is notable for its effects on both sides' morale and the war's tempo. After the Battle of Amiens the Entente saw a rapid series of victories against the German Empire, which are now known as Hundred Days Offensive. This became the beginning of the end of the Western Front. Erich Ludendorff later described the 8th August as "the black day of the German Army".<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTnK8pB2Wys-Z_zwOOMI9K5Ldk6Ep3KWL9dikj4dakmWu8iC6kuLgZI-_0uPpQO5l8806u0UHf-sOYvcbJKAr-s30VPxoD9haw2DR5Qc789q3LvskxhEXvHXlnM8r_cvvna-I-nm8Ftwdj/s1600/1918-08-08+Schlacht+von+Amiens%252C+100+Tage+Offensive+%25281%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="430" data-original-width="430" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTnK8pB2Wys-Z_zwOOMI9K5Ldk6Ep3KWL9dikj4dakmWu8iC6kuLgZI-_0uPpQO5l8806u0UHf-sOYvcbJKAr-s30VPxoD9haw2DR5Qc789q3LvskxhEXvHXlnM8r_cvvna-I-nm8Ftwdj/s320/1918-08-08+Schlacht+von+Amiens%252C+100+Tage+Offensive+%25281%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">John Monash was an Australian civil engineer and military<br />
commander of World War I. He was a meticulous planner and <br />
brilliant tactician and among others planned the Battle of Amiens.</td></tr>
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<b>26th August - </b>Beginning of the Battle of Baku, which ended with an Ottoman-Azerbaijani victory and thus concluded the Caucasus Campaign<br />
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<b>15th September -</b> As part of the Vardar Offensive French, Greek and Serbian forces begin their Breakthrough at Dobro Pole leading to a collapse of the Macedonian Front.<br />
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<b>19th September -</b> Beginning of the Battle of Megiddo, the last battle of the war in the Middle East that would later lead to a complete collapse of the Ottoman front<br />
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<b>29th September -</b> Bulgaria and the Allied Powers sign the Armistice of Salonica.<br />
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<b>1st October -</b> The British capture Damascus.<br />
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<b>10th October -</b> RMS Leinster is sunk by a German submarine.<br />
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RMS Leinster was an Irish ship that was used for Royal Mail service. On 10th October 1918, when she was on her way between Ireland and Wales, she was torpedoed and sunk by a German submarine. Over 500 people lost their lives. Still today this is the greatest single loss of life in the Irish Sea.<br />
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<b>24th October -</b> Beginning of the Battle of Vittorio Veneto<br />
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The Battle of Vittorio Veneto was fought between the Austro-Hungarian Empire and Italy between the 24th October and the 3rd November 1918. It ended with a disastrous Austro-Hungarian defeat and thus marked the end of the war on the Italian Front, secured the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and sealed the end of the Italian unification.<br />
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<b>29th October -</b> Beginning of the Mutinies in Wilhelmshaven and Kiel<br />
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The German Fleet was nearly not used during World War I and when the war was actually already lost, the imperial naval command planned a final battle against the Royal Navy in the English Channel. The preparations triggered a mutiny among the affected sailors in Wilhemshaven, which was actually suppressed shortly after, but when the commander believed that he was again master of his crews, another mutiny broke out in Kiel. The Kiel Mutiny turned into a revolution and soon spred across Germany.<br />
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<b>30th October -</b> The Ottoman Empire and the Allied Powers sign the Armistice of Mudros.<br />
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<b>1st November - </b>As a main event of the Allied Liberation of Albania, Montenegro and Albania Belgrade comes again under Serbian control.<br />
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<b>3rd November -</b> The Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Allied Powers sign the Armistice of Villa Giusti.<br />
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<b>9th November -</b> Philipp Scheidemann proclaims the German Republic.<br />
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The German Revolution that began in Kiel soon swept away the monarchy in Germany. On 9th November the abdication of the Emperor was declared and Philipp Scheidemann proclaimed the German Republic from one of the balconies of the Reichstag building. Scheidemann proclaimed the republic just a few hours before a planned proclamation of a Soviet Republic by Karl Liebknecht, which would later lead to some leftist uprisings. One day later an interim government was formed, which planned the elections for a constituent National Assembly. In 1919 the Weimar Republic arose from this event, which was the first modern democratic republic in Germany.<br />
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<b>10th November -</b> Romania re-enters the war.</div>
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<b>11th November -</b> The German Empire and the Allied Powers sign the Armistice of Compiègne.</div>
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At least since the Battle of Amiens everyone in the higher ranks of the German military knew that there was no chance left for a German victory. Erich Ludendorff, although he later changed his mind, demanded a request to be given to the Entente for an immediate ceasefire already on the 29th September, but still it needed the German Revolution to bring an end to the war. A German delegation headed by Matthias Erzberger finally signed an armistice at Compiègne on the 11th November 1918. Although they formally protested at the harshness of Allied terms, they were in no position to refuse to sign. Among others the Allies demanded the termination of hostilities on the Western Front, the immediate evacuation of the occupied territories, the surrender of military materiel, the release of Allied prisoners of war and the renunciation of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. The fact that the republicans signed the armistice later created the stab-in-the-back myth (Dolchstoßlegende), a notion that the German Army did not lose World War I on the battlefield but was instead betrayed by the civilians on the home front and the republicans who overthrew the monarchy in the German Revolution.</div>
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After over four years of fighting the war was finally over. More than 15million people lost their lives, big parts of Europe were destroyed and new countries arose. To find a new order for the continent the Allied powers came together in Paris in 1919, but the peace was short-lived and just twenty years later an even more horrible war began.</div>
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dustin15http://www.blogger.com/profile/12015554128978899257noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6937716955495315572.post-3471440291762817222018-11-10T11:11:00.000+01:002020-06-09T11:50:48.976+02:001917: Первая мировая война and World War I (Belarus, Bulgaria, Canada, Faroe Islands, France, Greece, Ireland, Israel, Latvia, Monaco, New Zealand, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovenia, Thailand, United Kingdom)<div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Originally posted on 11th October 2018</span></div>
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<b>12th January -</b> Big Protests in Hamburg due to the bad situation of the civilian population in the German Steckrübenwinter (Turnip Winter)</div>
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<b>16th January -</b> The secret Zimmermann Telegram is issued from the German Foreign Office that proposed a military alliance between Germany and Mexico in the case that the USA declared war on the Central Powers and that promised Mexico the recovery of various lost former territories. The British intercepted the telegram and later decoded it.</div>
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<b>1st February -</b> Resumption of the unrestricted submarine warfare by the German Empire</div>
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The Resumption of the unrestricted submarine warfare impressively shows how the war also affected a neutral territory, the Faroe Islands. Already short after the declaration of war there were shortages in supply on the Faroe Islands, as the belligerents put up naval blockades. In these times of dearth the Faroese started to experiment around to get the most necessary goods. For example they used roe to extend rye flour or blubber as lamp oil and fuel for motorboats. On 1st February 1917 the German Empire declared the waters around the British Islands as war zone, which also stretched to the southern part of the Faroe Islands, and announced to dump all boats in the zone by submarines, but full of hope the Faroese still sent out their fishing boats. The tragedy occurred on the 23rd and 24th May 1917, when a German submarine dumped altogether eight Faroese boats. </div>
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<b>21st February -</b> Beginning of the Toplica Uprising<br />
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The Toplica Uprising was a Serb rebellion in 1917 carried out by Serbian guerrillas in the Toplica District in the eastern part of the Kingdom of Serbia against the Bulgarian occupation force. Serbia was occupied since October 1915, but when Romania entered the war in August 1916, new hope awakened among the Serbian population. Some armed themselves and took to the forests. Even a secret resistance organisation was founded. On 21st February the rebellion broke out and the Serbs started to liberate some cities. On 15th March the Bulgarians started a counter-attack with Austro-Hungarian support and although some rebels survived and escaped, the order was fully restored by the 25th March. During the rebellion several thousand people were killed including civilians. It was the only rebellion in the territories occupied by the armies of the Central Powers during World War I.<br />
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<b>8th March - </b>Beginning of the February Revolution<br />
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In the early 20th century Russia was coined by the conservative and authoritarian government of Tsar Nicholas II and a growing proletariat in the cities, but at the beginning of World War I the country was still caught by a wave of nationalism. Heavy military setbacks and the horrible situation of the civilian population at home however changed the people's mind. Soon this would also led to a loss of confidence in the regime, as the Tsar was made responsible for all the problems. Beginning in February 1917 there were big strikes and demonstrations in Saint Petersburg. On 8th March (or 23rd February according to the Julian calendar used then in Russia), International Women's Day, small demonstrations turned into economic and political gatherings. A few days later factories and other enterprises had to be closed down, as too many workers were demonstrating. The Tsar hoped that the available soldiers would quell the riots, but when he actually ordered the army to suppress them, many soldiers began to mutiny. After he figured out his desperate situation, he abdicated on 15th March. One day later a Provisional Government was established. Already four days earlier the socialists had formed the Petrograd Soviet. In the following time these two bodies competed for power over Russia. Thus they created a factual dual power.<br />
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<b>11th March -</b> Bagdad is captured by the British.<br />
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<b>19th March -</b> As part of the Operation Alberich, which began on the 9th February, the German Empire had withdrawn to new positions on the shorter and more easily defended Hindenburg Line on the Western Front.<br />
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<b>6th April -</b> The USA enter World War I alongside the Entente.<br />
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Although they had already supplied the Entente countries earlier, the USA officially remained neutral during World War I until their declaration of war on Germany on 6th April 1917. Reasons for the entry included the resumption of the unrestricted submarine warfare and Zimmermann Telegram. The USA were an independent power and did not officially join the Entente, but they closely cooperated militarily. American soldiers arrived in large numbers on the Western Front in the summer of 1918. 110,000 of them died and never came back home.<br />
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<b>9th April -</b> Beginning of the Battle of Arras</div>
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<b>9th April -</b> Beginning of the Battle of Vimy Ridge</div>
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The Battle of Vimy Ridge was fought in 1917 between the German Empire and the British Empire and is a part of the Battle of Arras. It was the first battle in which the four divisions of Canadian Expeditionary Force fought together and became a symbol of Canadian national achievement. It ended with a victory of the British Empire. </div>
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<b>11th April -</b> The Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (USPD), which later played an important role in the Weimar Republic, is founded.<br />
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<b>16th April -</b> Beginning of the Battle of Chemin des Dames<br />
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The Battle of Chemin des Dames, also known as Second Battle of the Aisne, was fought between the German Empire and France in April and May 1917. The battle began as part of a meticulously planned Franco-British offensive, but had to be abandoned after many French divisions mutinied. It ended with a tactical victory of the German Empire. Prince Louis II of Monaco, who volunteered to serve in the French Army in August 1914, took part in the battle.<br />
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<b>22nd April -</b> Beginning of the Second Battle of Doiran<br />
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After Bulgaria's entry into the war the Balkan theatre saw successful campaigns of rapid movement in 1915 and 1916, but soon the conflict degraded into a state of trench warfare. The Second Battle of Doiran was fought between Bulgaria and the United Kingdom in April and May 1917. It ended with a Bulgarian victory and thus thwarted an Allied breakthrough at the Balkan front.<br />
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<b>12th May -</b> Beginning of the Tenth Battle of the Isonzo<br />
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<b>4th June -</b> The Polish military contingent known as Blue Army is created in France to fight alongside the Entente. After fighting on the Western Front it was later moved to Poland to fight for the return of Poland's independence.<br />
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<b>7th June -</b> Beginning of the Battle of Messines Ridge<br />
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The Battle of Messines Ridge was fought near the village of Messines in West Flanders in June 1917. The battle resulted in a British victory and the recapturing of the Messines Ridge. During the battle Irish soldiers, supporting and opposing the ideas of the Easter Rising, fought together.<br />
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<b>29th June -</b> Greece enters the war alongside the Entente.<br />
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<b>1st July -</b> Although big parts of the population and the soldiers were against a further participation in the war, Alexander Kerensky, Minister of War in the Provisional Government, decided to start a new offensive against the Central Powers, the Kerensky Offensive. After an initial success the offensive ended on 19th July with a military catastrophe, which further weakened the Provisional Government.<br />
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<b>14th July -</b> The German Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg resigns.<br />
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<b>20th July -</b> The Corfu Declaration is signed.<br />
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After Serbia was occupied by the Central Powers, Corfu became the new seat of the Serbian government in exile. On 20th July 1917 Croatian, Serbian and Slovenian politicians in exile with the support of France and the United Kingdom signed there the Corfu Declaration, which enabled the creation of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes after the war.<br />
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<b>22nd July -</b> Thailand enters World War I alongside the Entente.<br />
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Thailand, back then known as Siam, is possibly one of the least well-known participants in World War I, although an Expeditionary Force was sent to France to fight on the Western Front, which began operations in the middle of September 1918. Siam was the only state in Southeast Asia to enter the conflict entirely of its own free will and as an equal of the European powers. During the war 19 soldiers of Siam died. After it Siam became a founding member of the League of Nations.<br />
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<b>22nd July -</b> Beginning of the Battle of Mărăști<br />
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When Romania entered World War I alongside the Entente in 1916, there were soon some victories of the Romanian forces aided by Russia against the Central Powers, but when the Central Powers started to fight back, big parts of Romania were occupied by the end of 1916. The three battles of Mărăști, Mărășești and Oituz, which were fought between July and August 1917 and which all ended with Romanian successes, left the remaining Romanian territories unoccupied and seemed like a relief, but the situation once again took a turn for the worse for Romania in November 1917, when Russia's involvement in the war ended with the October Revolution. <br />
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<b>31st July -</b> Beginning of the Battle of Passchendaele<br />
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The Battle of Passchendaele, which is also known as Third Battle of Ypres or Dritte Flandernschlacht in German, was fought by Belgium, the British Empire and France against the German Empire between the 31st July and the 10th November 1917. The battle ended, when Canadian troops captured the village of Passchendaele. The quite big gains of territory for the Allies were bought with horrible losses and thus the battle became another symbol of the absurdity and brutality of the war. The Tyne Cot Cemetery, the largest cemetery for Commonwealth forces in the World, is located on the former battleground.<br />
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<b>14th August -</b> China enters the war alongside the Entente.<br />
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<b>17th August -</b> Beginning of the Eleventh Battle of the Isonzo<br />
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<b>3rd September -</b> Riga is captured by the Germans.<br />
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At the beginning of World War I the Latvian territory was a part of the Russian Empire and had a direct border with the German Empire. Already in August 1914 Liepaja and the Užava Lighthouse were attacked by German troops, but just in May 1915 the war reached the whole of Latvia leading to many Latvians leaving their region. Also much of the region's industry was evacuated to Russia and was lost forever. In September 1917 Riga was captured by German troops. After the Russian Revolution parts of Latvia were given to the Germans according to the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, who quickly established an occupational regime which ruled between March and November 1918. After the end of World War I the Latvian War of Independence was fought, which ended with the recognition of the Latvian Republic by Soviet Russia in 1920.<br />
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<b>24th October -</b> Beginning of the Twelfth Battle of the Isonzo<br />
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The region around Kobarid was located near the Isonzo Front and was hard fought between the Austro-Hungarian Empire and Italy. After a long trench warfare the Battle of Kobarid, fought in October and November 1917, resulted in a victory of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the collapse of the Italian Second Army. The battle is also known as the Twelfth Battle of the Isonzo, Battle of Caporetto (Italian name of Kobarid) or Battle of Karfreit (German name of Kobarid).<br />
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<b>26th October -</b> Brazil enters World War I alongside the Entente.<br />
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<b>31st October -</b> Beginning of the Battle of Beersheba in Ottoman Syria, which ended with a British victory and thus paved the way for the Battle of Jerusalem<br />
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<b>2nd November -</b> The Balfour Declaration is issued by the British government.<br />
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The Balfour Declaration was a public statement issued by the British government on 2nd November 1917. With it the British government announced their support for the Zionist aim of establishing a "national home for the Jewish people" in Palestine, which was then still under Ottoman rule. Thus the British hoped to mobilise new resources.<br />
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<b>7th November -</b> Beginning of the October Revolution<br />
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In the unstable time of the dual power Vladimir Lenin, the leader of the Bolshevik Party, returned with German help from his exile in Switzerland to Russia. His return was enabled by the democratisation of politics after the February Revolution and the legalisation of formerly banned political parties. One of his main political aims as formulated in his April Theses was the accession to power by the soviets. At the beginning Lenin's Bolsheviks formed a minority in the both big cities of Moscow and Saint Petersburg, but in the following months various events led to a strengthening of their power. The October Revolution finally began on 7th November (or 25th October according to Julian calendar), which saw the overthrow of the Provisional Government and the accession to power by the Soviets. This event would later mark the beginning of the spread of communism in the 20th century and would create the Soviet Union as new global power, but for the moment it laid the foundation for the Russian Civil War.<br />
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<b>17th November -</b> Beginning of the Battle of Jerusalem<br />
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The Battle of Jerusalem was a part of the British Sinai and Palestine Campaign against the Ottoman Empire. The battle started on 17th November 1917 and already on the 9th December Jerusalem surrendered to the British, although fightings continued until the 30th December. When General Edmund Allenby entered the Old City on 11th December, he was the first Christian in many centuries to control the holy city. The capture of Jerusalem was a great morale boost for the British Empire and led to a loss of prestige for the Ottoman Empire in the Arabic World. After the battle the British established a new strategically strong fortified line.<br />
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<b>20th November -</b> Beginning of the Battle of Cambrai<br />
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<b>4th December -</b> Russia and the German Empire sign a ceasefire agreement. One day later a ceasefire agreement with all Central Powers followed.<br />
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<b>9th December -</b> Romania and the Central Powers sign the Armistice of Focșani.<br />
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<b>15th December -</b> Russia and the Central Powers sign an armistice.<br />
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<b>22nd December - </b>Beginning of peace negotiations between Russia and the Central Powers in Brest-Litovsk<br />
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