Sunday, 18 September 2016

The Colonies of Portugal (Angola, Brazil, India, Macao, Malaysia)

Portugal was the first European country with overseas colonies. The first colony was created in 1415 and the last was lost in 1999. Thus it was also the longest-lived of the modern European colonial empires. The colonies brought great wealth to Portugal. 

According to the Treaty of Tordesillas Brazil became a part of Portugal and remained it until 1822, when it declared its independence. 

Salvador was founded in 1549 and became the first capital of Brazil. It is one of the oldest colonial cities in the Americas and was also the first slave market in the New World. It remained the capital of Brazil until 1763. The Historic Centre of Salvador de Bahia is since 1985 on the UNESCO World Heritage List.


São Luís has the largest and best preserved heritage of colonial
Portuguese architecture in Latin America and is since 1997 on the UNESCO World Heritage List.

The region of Goa was conquered by the Portuguese in 1510. In 1961 Indian forces invaded the area. Portugal just recognised the annexion in 1974 and since 1987 is Goa a State within the Indian Federation and not anymore a territory of the union.


Malacca became a Portuguese colony in 1511, but already in 1641 it was conquered by the Netherlands. Later it also became a colony of the United Kingdom.


In 1557 Macau was rented to Portugal from Ming China as a trading port and in 1887 it became a colony. In 1999 the city was given to China as last remaining European colony in Asia.

The Historic Centre of Macao is one of the earliest and longest-lasting encounters between China and the West and provides a unique testimony to the meeting of influences from East and West. Since 2005 is the Historic Centre of Macao a UNESCO World Heritage Site.


Angola was first reached by the Portuguese in 1484. It later became a colony and various settlements were founded in the coastal region. Beginning in the 18th century settlements were also founded in the country's interior. Independence was achieved in 1975 under communist rule backed by the Soviet Union after the Angolan War of Independence.

Angola's capital Luanda was founded by the Portuguese in 1575. Today it is the World's largest Portuguese-speaking capital.


The Witch Trials of the Early Modern Period (Åland Islands, USA)

Between 1450 and 1750 estimated 35,000 to 1,000,000 persons were executed as witches in Europe and North America. 

In Åland seven women were executed between 1666 and 1670. The witch-hunt there preceded the break-outs in both Sweden (1668) and Finland (1669).


Salem was founded in 1626 and was one of the most important Puritan seaports in America. The city is World-famous for the Salem Witch Trials held in 1692 and 1693. 

The Witch House (lower left corner) is the only still standing building in Salem with direct connections to the witch trials. It was once the home of Judge Jonathan Corwin and houses today a museum.

The Beginning of the Conquest of Paradise (Dominican Republic)

Santo Domingo was founded by Bartholomew Columbus in 1496. It is the oldest continuously inhabited European settlement in the Americas and was the first seat of the Spanish colonial rule in the New World. The Basilica Cathedral of Santa María la Menor is America's first cathedral and also the continent's first hospital and university are located in the city. 

Today is Santo Domingo the capital of the Dominican Republic and the largest metropolitan area in the Caribbean. The Colonial City of Santo Domingo is since 1990 on the UNESCO World Heritage List.


Sunday, 17 July 2016

The University of rich Estonians (Estonia)

The University of Tartu was founded by King Gustav II Adolf of Sweden in 1632, short after the occupation of the city by Sweden, and is thus Estonia's oldest university. It closed down in 1710 after the city became a part of Russia, but was refounded in 1802. It became the university of the Estonian nobility and intellectual bourgeoisie and the doctors and public servants, who were educated there, were active in the entire Russian Empire.

Today it is the national university of Estonia and the only full-scale university in the country. The Historic Ensemble of the University of Tartu got the European Heritage Label in 2015.


Thursday, 23 June 2016

Bursa, an Ottoman Capital (Turkey)

Bursa was captured by the Ottoman Empire in 1326 and it soon became its first major capital. Due to its new status the city witnessed a considerable amount of urban growth in the 14th century. The capital was moved to Adrianople, modern day Edirne, in 1363, but Bursa's spiritual and commercial importance remained. 

Mehmed I was born in Bursa in 1389. He was between 1413 and 1421 the fifth Ottoman Sultan. He died in Adrianople in 1421 and is buried in the Yeşil Türbe ("Green Tomb") in Bursa.

Bursa is today the fourth largest city of Turkey and one of the country's industrial centres. Since 2014 is "Bursa and Cumalıkızık: the Birth of the Ottoman Empire" on the UNESCO World Heritage List.


Greeks, Romans and Christians in Ephesus (Turkey)

Ephesus is a former Greek and later Roman city and was one of the most important cities in Asia minor. Once it had an important harbour, but as it silted up its importance as a commercial center declined. It was the location of the Temple of Artemis, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. It is also said to be the place where the Virgin Mary spent the last years of her life and where John the Apostle wrote his Gospel.

Ephesus is since 2015 on the UNESCO World Heritage List.


Friday, 10 June 2016

The Works of Antoni Gaudí (Spain)

Antoni Gaudí was a Catalan architect. He was born in Reus in 1852 and died in Barcelona in 1926. He was one of the most important representatives of the Modernisme and his works are still very popular. 


The Casa Vicens was built between 1883 and 1885. It is the first house designed by Antoni Gaudí and is considered to be one of the first structures built in the style of the Modernisme.


The Palau Güell was designed by Antoni Gaudí for his patron Eusebi Güell, a Catalan industrialist. It was built between 1886 and 1888.

The Park Güell is a garden complex with architectural elements created by Antoni Gaudí. It was built for Eusebi Güell between 1900 and 1914.


The Casa Batlló was already built in 1877, but between 1904 and 1906 it was redesigned by Antoni Gaudí. It is considered to be one of his masterpieces and one of the most beautiful buildings of Barcelona. The façade depicts the legend of Saint George.


The Casa Milà is the last civil building constructed by Antoni Gaudí and was built between 1906 and 1912. Special features of the building are the wrought iron balconies, the underground garage and the natural air conditioning. It is also known by its nickname La Pedrera, the quarry.


The Basílica i Temple Expiatori de la Sagrada Família is the most important work of Antoni Gaudí, although it is not completed. Gaudí was involved in the construction between 1883 and his death. It became a basilica minor in 2010 and is the most visited sight of Spain. According to current schedules it will be completed in 2026. Then it will have 18 towers and will be the tallest church in the World.


Some of Gaudí's works are on the UNESCO World Heritage List. In 1984 the Park Güell, the Palau Güell and the Casa Milà were added. In 2005 the site was extended by the Casa Vicens, the crypt and nativity façade of the Sagrada Família, the Casa Batlló and the crypt at the Colònia Güell.
I am looking for a card of the Colònia Güell. Anyone can help?