Napoleon on French and European Stamps

The year went by so fast that I sometimes completely forgot that I have neglected this blog for so long. Actually I made plans for at least four bigger posts I wanted to write during the course of the year and some smaller ones, but like so often other things prevented me from doing so. This post however I still want to write now, as I had the idea a long while ago and really liked it. As you all probably know 2021 marks the Bicentenary of the Death of Napoleon Bonaparte. I knew I wanted to do something about this anniversary, but did not want to just plainly write down his life. Instead I came up with the idea of diving into his presentation on various stamps and this is now the result of this idea. At first I will have a look at French stamps to see how one of the most famous Frenchmen in history is depicted and afterwards I will add up this story with some other stamps from Europa. Below all the stamps I will also write a bit more about vacancies and the development of this post if that is something that interests you and if you are not only here for the stamps.

But let's get this post started and where would it be better to start than at the beginning? Napoleon Bonaparte was born in Ajaccio on the island of Corsica on 15th August 1769 and Napoleon's Birth Bicentenary was honoured with a French stamp in 1969. The building on the left is the Maison Bonaparte in Ajaccio, the ancestral house of the family. It is often said that Napoleon is actually not a Frenchmen, because he was from Corsica which was supposedly not part of France at the time of his birth. That is however not true. Corsica was at the beginning of the 18th century indeed a territory of the Republic of Genoa, which lost the control of most of the island in the middle of the century. By 1768 France began the capture of the island which was concluded in May 1769. At that point various powerful Corsican families joined the French side including the Bonapartes. Napoleon later got his education in France and although he had an affection for the Corsican nationalists in his early years, he ultimately devoted himself to the French cause. The portrait on the right shows Napoleon at the age of 23 as member of the French Republican volunteers on Corsica. This first stamp thus mainly highlights Napoleon's Corsican heritage. 

Fighting for the Revolution his tactical skill soon became apparent. Three years after the stamp above two campaigns in Napoleon's early career were shown on French stamps, the Battle of Arcole during the Italian Campaign and the Egyptian Expedition. Napoleon went to Italy shortly after his marriage with Joséphine de Beauharnais in 1796. He quickly defeated the Austrian ally Piedmont and became involved in the Siege of the Austrian garrison in Mantua. The Battle of Arcole was part of an Austrian attempt to lift the siege, which however failed, and the overall campaign resulted in the Treaty of Campo Formio granting France the rule over Northern Italy and the Low Countries, which were subsequently exploited by Napoleon and his troops. During this period his influence in France increased. Plans for an invasion of Great Britain followed, but Napoleon decided that the French marine was not strong enough and so decided that at first Egypt should be captured to hamper Britain's access to India. This Egyptian Expedition began with the capture of Malta, but at the end resulted in a French catastrophe. After Horatio Nelson destroyed or captured most of the French fleet, Napoleon went on some brutal attacks on the Ottoman cities of Arish, Gaza, Jaffa and Haifa and ultimately fled back to Paris in August 1799. The focus of this second stamp is however not the French defeat, but the scientific dimension of the expedition. More than 150 scientists joined Napoleon and their discoveries included after all the Rosetta Stone, which Jean-François Champollion later used to decipher the hieroglyphs. 

The following events in Napoleon's life and career are ignored on French stamps. The next event to be honoured is the preparation of the Code Civil. The Code Civil or Code Napoleon entered into force in March 1804. This collection of written laws was a important step in the defeudalistion of Europa and is still used in France to this day. Even in parts of Germany it survived the end of Napoleon's rule and was in use until the end of the 19th century. Shown on the stamp are the Conseil d'État, Napoleon and Jean-Étienne-Marie Portalis. Portalis drew up the Code Civil together with François Denis Tronchet, Félix-Julien-Jean Bigot de Préameneu and Jacques de Maleville, but also worked on the Concordat of 1801 and later became a member of the government as Minister of Public Worship. Another stamp about the Code Civil was issued in 2004. Also there are two stamps about the creation of the Légion d'honneur in 1802 (1954 and 2002), which falls in the same period but which I unfortunately do not have.

On 2nd December 1804 Napoleon was coronated Emperor at the Notre Dame de Paris in the presence of Pope Pius VII. During the ceremony a golden laurel wreath recalling the Roman Empire and a replica of Charlemagne's crown were used. Napoleon had the laurel wreath on his head and crowned his wife with the replica. The stamp shows a detail of the painting The Coronation of Napoleon by Jacques-Louis David. It was created as official depiction of the event and is now kept in the Louvre. As France decided not to thematise anything that happened before the coronation, I guess it is fair to do the same.

Last year this stamp about La Roche-sur-Yon was issued. The city had been destroyed during the Vendée Revolt and was rebuilt had the behest of Napoleon. In May 1804 it officially became the seat of the Vendée. At this time it was called Napoléon-sur-Yon. Shown on the stamp is the statue of Napoleon that was erected in 1854.

Today the first French Emperor is naturally known as Napoleon, but did you know that this was not always the case? During his early career the man was known as Bonaparte or even earlier as Buonaparte. It was just when he became Emperor that the given name became synonymous with the ruler and as such he went out to gain his biggest victory at the Battle of the Three Emperors near the small Austrian/Czech town of Austerlitz (Slavkov u Brna) on the first anniversary of his coronation. Known as tactical masterpiece, Napoleon defeated the outnumbering armies of Austria and Russia. After this battle Napoleon was definitely the hegemon of Continental Europa. For the 200th anniversary of the battle France jointly issued this stamp with the Czech Republic. As you have seen so far this is one of the very few Napoleonic battles that was honoured with a French stamp, which makes this one a bit outstanding. Probably they have chosen the battle, because it was his biggest victory, but on the other hand maybe the idea for this joint issue came from the Czech Republic, which however later issued stamps about Napoleon's big defeat in Leipzig. A gorgeous, but mysterious issue! Apropos, the monument on the stamps is the Cairn of Peace Monument in Prace.

After his victory in Austerlitz installed friends and family as rulers in various European states. The only one of them who was shown on a French stamp was Joachim Murat. Murat was a military commander and married Napoleon's younger sister Caroline in 1800. He became Grand Duke of Berg (1806-1808) and King of Naples (1808-1815). The stamp however only calls him Roi de Naples, his earlier title in the small artificially created grand duchy in Germany is ignored. After the Battle of Leipzig he switched sides to save his throne, but switched back after Napoleon's return from Elba in 1815 and was killed in the end by the forces of the rightful King Ferdinand IV of Naples.

From Austerlitz and Joachim Murat we jump in time straight to 1815. You might remember that there was some sort of battle this year and you remember right. Who does not know the Battle of Huningue? Huningue is a small Alsatian town right at the border between France, Germany and Switzerland and is more or less a suburb of Basel. Due to its location the Sun King Louis XIV instructed Vauban to built a fortress there. The fortress was first besieged by the Austrians in 1796/97, later by the Bavarians in 1813/14 and once again by the Austrians in 1815. When the new French government demanded a ceasefire after Napoleon's abdication, the commander decided to bombard Basel instead. Ultimately however the fortress surrendered. 

The first French stamp about Napoleon was issued in 1951 and now 70 years later his death is acknowledged with a stunning souvenir sheet. In my opinion this is one of the most visually appealing stamp issues of the year. You really need to seek it out to see it in real life. A scan can not do it justice. It is printed in a combination of offset and intaglio printing and much gold foil is applied. Of special interest are those small bees recalling artifacts from the grave of the Frankish king Childeric I from the Merovingian dynasty, as Napoleon wanted a royal symbol that has a historic model without being connected to the Ancien Régime. The pomp of this issue however can not disguise Napoleon's fate. Beaten he was sent to exile on the island of Saint Helena. There he could either watch the sea as shown on the lower stamp or play with the rats as was often shown on contemporary caricatures. There on a remote island in the South Atlantic Ocean one of the most famous and influential men in European history died on 5th May 1821.

After all those French stamps it is time to add the narrative of the First Emperor of France with some stamps from other European countries. Let's get one thing out of the way, not all of them are as flattering as this Monégasque stamp issued for Napoleon's Birth Bicentenary in 1969. 

Adding the stamps in the chronological order of the depicted events the first I have is however another victory, the Battle of Marengo. This battle was part of the War of the Second Coalition and was fought near the city of Alessandria in Northern Italy in June 1800. After all the Battle of Arcole and the Treaty of Campo Formio had not ended the Austrian involvement in Italy. Barely four years later they had to be driven out again. This battle also consolidated Napoleon's rule as First Consul. It has to be mentioned that this battle has also appeared on a French stamp. In 1968 there was a stamp about General Desaix, the French commander during the battle, which also shows a scene of the battle. Unfortunately I became aware of it too late to add it to my collection. 

Leaving Europa for a stamp, the rule of Napoleon had also an influence on the USA. In 1803 Napoleon sold the French colony of Louisiana or more precisely for most of the area the right to obtain it. Napoleon actually planned to re-establish the French rule in the territory, but after some failures decided to sell it instead. This Louisiane Purchase nearly doubled the size of the USA. Shown on this US stamp are not only the US negotiators, but also French Treasury Minister François Barbé-Marbois. After this sesquicentennial issue from 1953 a bicentennial stamp was also issued in 2003.

Everyone who has ever been to London probably knows Trafalgar Square and the Nelson's Column there, but many maybe do not know what Trafalgar was. Or was that just me when I was in London in 2011? The Battle of Trafalgar was a naval battle in the War of the Third Coalition in October 1805. Napoleon had the idea to conquer Great Britain and to accomplish that plan the French and Spanish navies were combined to take control of the English Channel. The fleet however was met off Cape Trafalgar on the southwest coast of Spain by the British navy under the command of Admiral Lord Horatio Nelson and Nelson was against all odds victorious, although loosing his own life. The battle became a focal point in the history of British naval supremacy in the 19th century. As such it was already honoured on many stamps. I think for the Bicentenary in 2005 not only the United Kingdom itself, but also all overseas territories and crown dependencies issued stamps, which in the usual British tradition are not just single stamps, but always bigger sets. In my collection I have this set from Gibraltar issued on 31st January 2005. Actual timber from the original HMS Victory, Nelson's ship during the battle, is affixed to the £1.60 stamp and similar stamps have been issued in Ascension Island, the Bahamas, Bermuda, the British Indian Ocean Territory, Cayman Islands, Jamaica, Kiribati, Naura, Saint Helena, Saint Lucia and Tristan da Cunha.

As philatelist you probably know that there are French and Spanish stamps issued for Andorra. The reason is that this small country is actually headed by two co-princes, one from France and one from Spain. The turbulent years of the French Revolution however brought change on the French side and in 1806 Napoleon restored the status quo ante. I could not find much about what this means in detail, but it was enough for this Bicentenary issue in 2006 by the French Post in Andorra.

About the Napoleonic era on the Iberian Peninsula I know very little, as it is never the focus for German depictions of the time. For my collection I got this Portuguese set about the Bicentenary of the Peninsular War issued in 2010, so I will focus on that period and ignore the background. Well, Portugal was that time still an ally of the United Kingdom and had no interest in joining the Continental System (the German word Kontinentalsperre or the French blocus continental somehow sound nicer). To change that Napoleon decided to attack Portugal and invade Spain on the way. That was in 1807. It is however also said that Napoleon's real motive might have been to dethrone the Spanish King to replace him with one of his brothers. The result was a big political mess and a military catastrophe, as the Spaniards did not like to be conquered and began a bloody guerrilla uprising that binded French forces which should been used in other theaters. Portugal and Spain were later supported by the United Kingdom. Shown on these stamps are the battles of Vimeiro (1808), Bussaco (1810), Grijó (1809) and Pombal (1811). In 1928 there had already been a set about the Battle of Rolica (1808). The fightings on the peninsula had actually World-historical dimension, as it enabled the independence of the South American colonies of both countries.

Inspired and scared by the events in Spain, Austria began to fear a similar fate for its monarchy and also hope for uprisings in the German territories. To help in both cases armaments and reforms were started. Napoleon thought that Austria would not do anything without allies and thus not acted at all. Austria however feared that Napoleon just waited for an ending of the fightings in Spain to do the same with the Austrian monarchy and became active with an attack on the French ally Bavaria. After some small battles Austria was defeated in Eckmühl near Regensburg in April 1809 and Vienna was captured three weeks later. Another week later the Austrians however defeated Napoleon in the Battle of Aspern and Essling (21st/22nd May 1809), before being defeated again by Napoleon in the Battle of Wagram (5th/6th July 1809). The Austrian fate was not as bad as that of Prussia or Spain, but the consequences of this hubris were not good either. Although Austria mainly fought alone, these fightings are known as War of the Fifth Coalition, as they were theoretically backed by Sardinia, Sicily and the United Kingdom. Good to see the ultimately pointless victory in Aspern and Essling on an Austrian souvenir sheet. 

Not all Austrian hopes for uprisings were baseless. In Tyrol the innkeeper Andreas Hofer started in the context of the War of the Fifth Coalition in April 1809 a rebellion against the Bavarian occupiers, who controlled the territory by Napoleon's grace since 1805. The rebellion failed, but Hofer is to this day celebrated as a Tyrolean national hero. His remains are buried in the Hofkirche in Innsbruck next to the cenotaph of Emperor Maximilian I and I know of at least three Austrian stamps about Hofer including this souvenir sheet as most recent one. As consequence of the rebellion Bavaria had to cede parts of Tyrol to direct French control. 

From the events in Austria we jump straight to Russia. Checking the timetable in the small monography by Johannes Willms I had read about Napoleon this seems to be justified, as he also does not include any events between 1809 and 1812. Russia was at this time the probably most independent European great power. The relations with Napoleon had been for a while amicably and on eye level. When the Russian Emperor however decided in December 1810 to leave the Continental System, which had more disadvantages than advantages for Russia, the conflicts began anew. In June 1812 Napoleon began his Campagne de Russie. He thought that the war would be over the faster the more troops he would send there, but in the end this idea just meant that more soldiers died in the harsh Russian winter. This Soviet souvenir sheet honours the 175th anniversary of the bloody Battle of Borodino, which ended with a French victory used to capture Moscow where Napoleon waited too long. The invasion ended in a desaster, but Napoleon was not yet defeated. The other European states however hesitated to seize the moment. 

The governments might have hesitated, but in the population it began to seethe. Especially in Prussia the people demanded to join the fight and the king had to grant their wish. Together Prussia and Russia were now fighting against Napoleon, but after some French victories, Austria negotiated a ceasefire between the three and afterwards Austria, Prussia and Russia signed a modest proposal which would have saved Napoleon's rule in France and big parts of Europa against the loss of former territories of the three powers and some of their allies. Napoleon denied and the for the being final war began. He soon lost the big Battle of the Nations at Leipzig, his Confederation of the Rhine crumbled, the allies were on their way to a war-weary France and due to his hubris Napoleon was eventually dethroned and send to Elba. This War of the Sixth Coalition is in Germany usually known as Befreiungskrieg(e) (War(s) of Liberation) and is connected with an idea of national identity. Although they played a big part in the conception of a united German history, they were rarely featured on German stamps. A Berlin stamp showed the Prussian National Monument for the Liberation Wars, the "anti-imperialist" German Democratic Republic (East Germany) showed some nice Prussian militaries on a set for the 150th anniversary and here in West Germany only the participants Blücher (shown below), Clausewitz, Körner and Stein were shown on some incoherent stamps. For the Bicentenary of the Battle of Leipzig the Czech Republic and Russia issued souvenir sheets, but here in Germany only a stamp for the Centenary of the Monument to the Battle of the Nations was issued. The focus is thus not the victory over France, but the technical feat of constructing Germany's biggest monument. 

Napoleon might have been defeated and in exile, but it was not long until he returned. He quickly gathered an army and created a new rule which soon ended with the War of the Seventh Coalition and the Battle of Waterloo. This battle in modern day Belgium is unlike the Battle of Huningue probably one of the most famous battles in European history. It occured while the European powers were already discussing the political future of the continent in Vienna and led to Napoleon's final exile on Saint Helena. For the Bicentenary Belgium issued a stunnng souvenir sheet with five stamps about leaders during the battle. I have those two about Napoleon (on a Waterloo card) and the Prince of Orange and the other three are Blücher, Ney and Wellington. The Isle of Man and the United Kingdom also issued some stamps and in Germany we got a special postmark. 

I had written about it earlier this year and will hopefully do so again soon, but unlike the last years 2021 does not have one big jubilee. The Death Bicentenary is however a jubilee that spawned at least a resonable number of stamps. Beside the obligatory catch penny issues to my knowledge there were only stamps from Andorra (French Post), Italy, Malta and Saint Helena. In my collection I only have the one from Italy. It shows a detail of Andrea Appiani's painting Ritratto di Napoleone (1805) and includes the opening phrase of Alessandro Manzoni's ode Il cinque maggio (1821) written in response to the news of Napoleon's death, Ei fu (He was). Unlike the French sheet this stamp was issued on Napoleon's actual death day the 5th May. 

Both the French and the European stamps only offer a desideratum of Napoleonic history. While France is more focused on the domestic politics of Napoleon (Code Civil, Légion d'honneur, Coronation, reconstruction of La Roche-sur-Yon), much of his way to power is generously ignored. Interestingly all the foreign affairs are either connected to Austria or Italy (Arcole, Marengo, Austerlitz, Joachim Murat as King of Naples), but never to for example the Netherlands, Prussia/Germany or Spain. The other European countries on the other hand are mainly issuing stamps about Napoleon's defeat and do not care about how pointless those defeats might have been in the end (Aspern and Essling). The good sides of Napoleon's rule are never touched. The two exceptions are the Czech stamp for the Battle of Austerlitz and the Italian stamp for the Battle of Marengo. Both stamps are a bit mysterious to me. The Czech Republic can laud itself to be the only country to honour both a Napoleonic victory (Austerlitz) and defeat (Leipzig). The Italian connection to Napoleon is something I would be interested to know more about. As an outsider I do not really understand why there is a reason to celebrate the switch from Austrian supremacy to French supremacy and whether the Italian situation was better afterwards. Biased on the other hand by German historical education, which is of course focused on the Napoleonic era in Germany and Prussia in particular, I think it is strange that no country seems to care about it. My assumptions would be that either the German and the French spared each other due to the post-World War II friendship (the Élysée Treaty was after all signed in the year of the 50th anniversary of the Battle of the Nations in 1963) or that in the German case the era is not much shown on stamps, as there were not only those German states that suffered during the time (e.g. Brunswick, Hanover, Prussia), but also strong Napoleonic allies (e.g. Baden, Bavaria, Württemberg). In conclusion I can say that there are many interesting stamps to collect about this theme, but that there are also many vacancies that I would wish to see on stamps.

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Shown here are by far not all stamps about Napoleon. First and formost I have limited myself to European stamps with the single US stamp as exception. There are many thematic stamps from African and Arabic countries and territories which in most cases however are cheap catch penny wallpaper issues. Also I have not added any stamps about contemporaries of Napoleon which might have had some sort of connection to the ruler. This also includes some of his generals. The only exception here is Joachim Murat, as he was no simple contemporary, but a relative of Napoleon. Furthermore these are some stamps which I would have liked to add to this post, but which I was not able to get on time:

• From France I have already mentioned the stamps about the Battle of Marengo and the Légion d'honneur. In 2004 there was also a very interesting set showing Napoleonic soldiers and the Emperor himself as some sort of small toy figures
• The Free State of Danzig in the Interwar Period issued a stamp about the city's return to Prussia in 1814 in a set about historic events.
• From Germany I have already mentioned the stamps about Clausewitz, Körner and Stein. Of interest might be also a stamp about Prussian Queen Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz who met Napoleon in Tilsit in 1807.
• As part of sets about the Battle of Trafalgar Gibraltar and the Isle of Man also included stamps about the Battle of the Nile, the latter also included the Battle of Copenhagen. 
• During the Napoleonic era the French colony Haiti became independent and of course there are some stamps of that event from the country.
• For the Bicentenary of the French Revolution Italy issued a stamp showing a Bicorne, the hat famously worn by Napoleon. In 2014 there was a stamp about the New City of Bari, which was constructed at the behest of Joachim Murat.
• Malta issued a set of four about the Bicentenary of Napoleon's French capture in 1998. One of the stamps shows Napoleon himself.
• Apart from the stamp above Monaco issued some more stamps about the Emperor. A set of four about the Bicentenary of his Coronation also includes a stamp about his wife Stéphanie de Beauharnais. In 2011 for some reason even a stamp about the Bicentenary of the Birth of his son Napoleon II was issued.
• With the grace of Napoleon Poland was reborn as (semi-)independent state after it was divided between Austria, Prussia and Russia at the end of the 18th century. As I have learned too late, there are a few Polish stamps about this time of the Duchy of Warsaw.
• In 2002 Russia issued a set about Emperor Alexander I. One of them shows him entering Paris after Napoleon was defeated.
• Saint Helena of course issued many stamps about its most famous inhabitant. The most interesting in my opinion is the souvenir sheet issued for the Bicentenary of Napoleon's Arrival in 2016. Unfortunately I was not able to get it.
• Napoleon liked San Marino and offered the state an enlargement at the cost of its neighbours. The offer was denied, but nonetheless was honoured with stamps.
• The Czech Republic issued a stamp for the Battle of Austerlitz and Slovakia followed with a stamp for the Peace of Pressburg/Bratislava signed as result of the Austrian defeat. The stamp shows a small portrait of Napoleon and the Primate's Palace in Bratislava where the treaty was signed.
• As I have written above, my knowledge of the Napoleonic era on the Iberian Peninsula is rudimentary and due to that I was not sure which Spanish events and stamps I had to include. I know now however that there are at least stamps about Agustina de Aragón, artworks by Francisco Goya, the Spanish flagship during the Battle of Trafalgar and the Constitution of 1812. In a series about Spanish history in caricatures issued in 2002 there is also one stamp about Napoleon. 

Napoleon influenced the whole of Europa and due to that it is virtually impossible to write a complete history about his rule. Especially in Germany and Italy which were not united countries at the time as they are today there are so many different stories that you can never expect to know them all or see all of them on stamps (I am living rather close to the site of the Battle of Ölper where the local Black Duke Fredrick William of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel fought against the troops of the Napoleonic puppet Kingdom of Westphalia). Nonetheless these are some things that I somehow regret that they have never been on European stamps:

• As I had mentioned before, it would be nice to see a bit more of Napoleon's early life and way to power on stamps. Things and events I might imagine are the military academy at Brienne, the École Militaire in Paris, the Siege of Toulon and Napoleon together with the other Consuls.
• The War of the Fourth Coalition is not honoured on any European stamp. This war followed the creation of the Confederation of the Rhine and saw the Prussian defeat at Jena and Auerstedt, the Russian defeats in Eylau and Friedland and the Treaties of Tilsit. For the Bicentenary of the Battle of Jena and Auerstedt there were two special postmarks used in Jena and Auerstedt respectively, but so far I have never seen them for sale anywhere. There were however some catch penny issues about the battle from territories like Chad, Congo, Equatorial Guinea and Sharjah.
• Above I have already mentioned the Battle of Wagram from the War of the Fifth Coalition. That one was also never shown on a European stamp (there is however a rather nice one from Ascension Island). Generally I would have wished that all the big Napoleonic victories had got the "Austerlitz treatment" for their Bicentenaries.
• Additionally it would be nice as well to see more relatives of Napoleon on French stamps like the one about Joachim Murat. Those might include King Joseph of Spain, Grand Duchess Elisa of Tuscany, King Louis of Holland, King Jérôme of Westphalia, Eugène de Beauharnais, Napoleon II and his wives Joséphine de Beauharnais (shown on a stamp from Monaco) and Marie Louise of Austria.
• I am not aware that there were any stamps about the Napoleonic time in Belgium (apart from Waterloo), Denmark, Central Italy, the Netherlands, Sweden or Switzerland. Generally a stamp about the map of the Napoleonic Empire would be very interesting.
• No stamp has ever shown Napoleon on Elba. Stamps about the Villa Mulini and the Villa San Martino would be nice.

Sources:

The French philatelic website, Phil-Ouest, that I often look at has a site about Napoleon on French stamps (click here), which was a good start to create this post. Later I also found the great blog Napoléon Art et Philatélie. Although it is in French, it is easy to navigate and includes a complete(?) list with stamps about the Napoleonic era. The texts here like usual rely on Wikipedia, but I also used a short monography simply called Napoleon written by Johannes Willms and published by C.H. Beck in Munich in 2019.

A PDF Today

I had already written it on my main blog, but here again: I HATE the new Blogger. Nothing works as it should, so instead of getting a normal post here you get a

PDF

Check it out to see what it is about. ;)

However here is a small hint:

Some Recent Stamps

Actually I was hoping to be more active on this blog this year, but other tasks prevented me from doing so. If you also follow my other blogs you will have noticed that I am also not very active there. However for this blog I am currently working on the post about World War II that I had promised earlier this year. Also I finally found a good book about European History that I am currently working through (1/4 finished). Nonetheless here are a few history themed stamps that I got in the past few weeks and that I really think deserve this short post. None of these have so far been shown on my main blog.

Let's start with this stamp from Germany. Some of you might remember that back in 2017 I wrote a post series about the Reformation. It was back then when I still had time and leisure for something like that. Although I later merged most of the posts, I still enjoy the theme and I am still happy for every new stamp about it. A stamp called Frauen der Reformation (Women of the Reformation) was thus an issue I was really looking forward to, especially as not many women appeared in my post series. Katharina von Bora, the wife of Martin Luther, was the only one to get an independent post (now part of Proponents of the Lutheran Reformation) and Elisabeth of Brandenburg, Duchess consort of Brunswick-Göttingen-Calenberg, was mentioned in The Reformation in Lower Saxony. I was really looking forward to get to know other strong and powerful women of the time through this stamp issue. Unfortunately however it disappointed me three times. At first there was the value. Personally I think 3,7€ is way too much to really enjoy a stamp. Next came the design. While claiming to celebrate the strong and powerful, the three women look more like alien handmaids from Gilead. Is it just me or do they look like Elisabeth Moss? Finally there was also the treatment of the issue. For the jubilee issue in 2017 and the Zwingli stamp last year there were multiple special postmarks available officially planned and designed. For this stamp there were none. Still I think this is an interesting and important issue and I am happy that not only Katharina von Bora is the focus of the stamp. If you want to know more about this theme there is a complete German website about the Frauen der Reformation with many profiles of many women who used their new possibilities and especially their necessity to read. Three names you could search for for example are Elisabeth von Rochlitz, Argula von Grumbach and Katharina Zell.

2020 I think was going to be the year of Beethoven, but we all know that it came different. Many countries still issued stamps for the jubilee, but it took until October for me to get my second one after the German stamp. It is this one from Austria. While it shows the same potrait shown on so many other stamps, it becomes more interesting due to the silver text. Among the pages above you can find a complete list of Beethoven stamps of this year. 

Next is this interesting stamp from France celebrating the oldest faculty of medicine in the World in Montpellier. The prestigous university was especially famous for its arguments about the Black Death in the 14th century, a theme of real interest during the current time. Famous students include for example Guy de Chauliac and Nostradamus. Shown on the stamp are two other famous students: François Gigot de la Peyronie, first-surgeon to King Louis XV, and Paul Joseph Barthez, an editor and contributor to several entries in the Encyclopédie of Denis Diderot and d’Alembert. I really like this stamp!

Women's Suffrage is an interesting theme to collect with many new stamps issued at the moment. The latest one comes from the USA. As I am thinking about a whole post about the theme, I do want to show the stamp yet, but here is an interesting postmark I got recently. It honours Harry T. Burn from Tennessee, who is best known for his action taken to ratify the Nineteenth Amendment. I will include him if I write a post about women's suffrage, but you should check him out. I think he is quite interesting.

Last but not least is this postmark from Germany about the European Heritage Label. Although I have some stamps and postmarks about the sites, this is the first philatelic souvenir directly mentioning the label.

Ten Facts about the Weimar Republic

75 years ago World War II ended in Europa. Back in 2018, when the World celebrated the Centenary of the End of World War I, I actually was thinking about a three-year-series of posts here on the blog: World War I in 2018, the Interwar Period in 2019 and World War II in 2020, but as I already wrote here I failed to write much in 2019 and even now I did not managed to write anything in time for this important jubilee. As I currently have an interest in the Weimar Republic, which was actually supposed to be part of the last year, I write this post about this period in German history now and later on I will write some little posts about World War II, but these have to wait. So for the moment have fun with my ten personal favourite facts about the Weimar Republic.

1 The Weimar Constitution was actually quite interesting.

Studying constitutions and other legal textes might not be the most interesting part of history and unfortunately I still did not managed to read the Weimar Constitution as a whole, but its creation and influence are a worthy first fact. First of all it has to be mentioned that is was actually called Weimar Constitution, because it was signed in the small Thuringian town of Weimar. Berlin was unsuitable, because riots would prevent the free work of the delegates. Weimar on the other side was a linking point with the history of Goethe, Schiller and other great figures of the German literature and was also easy to defend in the case of a attack. As news and mail from Berlin were still needed in Weimar, the first regular air mail service in Germany was established between the two cities. When the Weimar National Assembly was elected earlier in January 1919, most of the German women were able to vote for the first time (some were earlier able to vote on state level). After 1933 the constitution was never formally repealed and stayed in force until the 1945. The 1949 Constitution of the German Democratic Republic, the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany and the first official constitution of the Republic of Korea were later all based on the Weimar Constitution.

2 The first commemorative stamps of the German Empire were issued during the Weimar era.
As it is written in the first article of the Weimar Constitution (shown on the stamp above), the "German Empire is a Republic" and thus also the Weimar Republic is actually still the German Empire. In consequence the Michel Catalog also lists all stamps of the Weimar Republic (and the Third Reich) as part of the German Empire. Looking now in there one might notice that before 1919 only definitives were issued and the first actual commemoratives were issued for the opening of the Weimar National Assembly. Commemoratives however remained scarce until the Third Reich, when more and more were issued for propagandistic reasons. As I unfortunately do not have these stamps, here is an interesting recent postmark to illustrate this fact. It commemorates the centenary of the last Bavarian stamps, which were also issued during the Weimar era.

3 There was not only a Treaty of Versailles.
This is actually just a small note, but while learning history in school I always just heard about the Treaty of Versailles, so if anybody else does not know the others there were also the Treaties of Saint-Germain with Austria, of Neuilly with Bulgaria, of Trianon with Hungary and of Sèvres with the Ottoman Empire, which were all signed during the Paris Peace Conference. As result of the conference also the League of Nations and the International Labour Organization were founded.

4 Thuringia was founded in 1920.
While talking about the territory of the Weimar Republic, the main theme usually is the loss of territories after World War I, mainly Alsace-Lorraine and the territories which became part of a newly-independent Poland, so I think it is actually quite interesting to take a look at the inside. Just like the German Empire until then and Germany today the Weimar Republic was a federal state consisting at its high time of 18 Länder. An alteration during the formation time of the republic was the formation of Thuringia from seven of the eight Thuringian States (Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Saxe-Meiningen, Saxe-Altenburg, Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, Reuss Elder Line, Reuss Younger Line; Saxe-Coburg voted to join Bavaria instead). Later on in 1929 the Free State of Waldeck with its glorious capital city Arolsen became part of Prussia. The rest stayed the same until after World War II. Although 18 Länder is not much more than the 16 of today, the map was completely different. Just compare a map of 1930 with one of today by youself!

5 The first President of Germany was legally a traitor to his country.
The justice of the Weimar Republic made some strange decisions. In general it can be said that right-wing crimes got away much easier than left-wing crimes. Examples include the murders of Matthias Erzberger and Walther Rathenau (Organisation Consul), Hitler's Beer Hall Putsch or the Leipzig War Crimes Trials. Especially strange I think is the trial of Friedrich Ebert in Magdeburg in 1925, which fined a journalist who had called Ebert a "traitor to his country" for his role in the January 1918 strike, but it also said that, legally, Ebert had in fact committed treason. This court case prevented him from seeking medical help for a while, as he wanted to be available to give evidence and was thus even a reason for his death shortly afterwards.

6 The Weimar Republic was a very free period for art, cinema, sexuality and in general.
It is not for nothing that the Weimar period is (in parts) known as the "Goldenen Zwanziger" (Golden Twenties), but due to its horrible end this can be easily forgetten. Nonetheless entire books could be written about the freedoms of the Weimar Republic, so here are just a few keywords and names if you want to know more: Alfred Döblin, AVUS, Bauhaus, Berlin Alexanderplatz, Berlin Night Life, Bertolt Brecht, Comedian Harmonists, Fritz Lang, Käthe Kollwitz, Magnus Hirschfeld, Marlene Dietrich, Max Beckmann, Max Schmeling, Metropolis, Neue Frau, New Objectivity, Otto Dix, Paul Klee, Thomas Mann, UFA Studio, ...

7 Many important modern-style buildings were constructed in or for the Weimar Republic.
Just as a small reminder for last year's post about the Bauhaus and because the Werkbund Estates recently got the European Heritage Label, I thought I might include once again the modern architecture. Now I can also include a building I did not have a stamp of last year, the Barcelona Pavilion by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. "The pavilion for the [1929] International Exhibition was supposed to represent the new Weimar Germany: democratic, culturally progressive, prospering, and thoroughly pacifist; a self-portrait through architecture" (says Wikipedia). This sounds like just another piece of modern architecture, but it becomes more interesting if you keep in mind that neither Germany nor Spain could really live out their free and modern image presented in 1929, as shortly after both Hitler and Franco came to power.

8 All German Nobel Peace Prize Winners are connected to the Weimar Republic.
Germany has four Nobel Peace Prize Winners. Ludwig Quidde (1927) was a politician and pacifist who is mainly remembered today for his criticism of German Emperor Wilhelm II and whose long career spanned four different eras of German history including the Weimar Republic. Carl von Ossietzky (1935) was a journalist and pacifist exposing the clandestine re-armament of the Weimar Republic. He later died in Nazi custody, who earlier already refused to release him to travel to Oslo to receive the prize. Willy Brandt (1971) spent most of his childhood during the Weimar period and later fled the Nazi regime to Norway and Sweden. As Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany he helped to strengthen cooperation in Western Europa and to achieve reconciliation between West Germany and the countries of Eastern Europa. The most important winner for the Weimar Republic however was Gustav Stresemann (1926). He served as Chancellor for 102 days in 1923 and was Foreign Minister between 1923 and 1929. During a period of political instability and fragile short-lived governments he was generally seen as a factor of stability. His most notable achievement was the reconciliation between Germany and France, which was also the reason why he and Aristide Briand received the Nobel Peace Prize. His death in 1929 and the Great Depression marked the beginning of the end of the Weimar Republic.

9 Without the Weimar Republic the USA would probably not have been on the Moon.
The "Weltraumfieber" (Space Fever) in the Weimar Republic is not very famous and without a very interesting seminar in the winter semester 2018/19 I would not know about it either. During this seminar we read texts of famous space flight pioneers who promulgated ideas for spacecrafts and even made succesful tests. While they were mainly pacifist and planned to fulfil the humankind's old dream of space travel, they also included the vision of a new World standing for Germany. The ideas were later corrupted by the Nazis in Peenemünde with the construction of the V-2 rockets and after World War II scientists from Peenemünde came to the USA and the Soviet Union, where they helped to bring the Space Age. The most famous of these persons is for sure Wernher von Braun, who however only played a minor role during the Weimar Republic. If you want to know more search for Hermann Ganswindt, Hermann Oberth, Max Valier, Raketenübungsplatz in Berlin-Reinickendorf, Verein für Raumschifffahrt, Karl Debus, Werner Deubel, Reinhold Tiling, Hermann Noordung and Fritz Lang's Frau im Mond.

10 The Weimar Republic was not doomed to fail.
The Weimar Republic is usually thought from the end, which for sure is understandable, as no other failing state ended in the Holocaust, but that does not mean that this was the only possible end. During its short time of existence the Weimar Republic saw many crises and most of them the state survived. Just because it happened, does not mean it had to happen. Noone in the mid-1920s would have probably guessed what would happen shortly after, so we can not assume it. Historic processes are free and neither deterministic nor teleological. On the other side it was and is for sure important to take a look at the republic's weaknesses and the Rise of Evil to hopefully prevent that something like that will never ever happen again, but it is also possible to take look at the good sides of the Weimar Republic and I hope everyone who read this knows now that the Weimar Republic was not only a take-off ramp for Adolf Hitler but so much more.